Retirement Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

fall behindment Planning - Essay interpreterWhile there are mevery courses of action one can take to retire, some bring on greater risk while others strikeer security. For those of us wanting to retire in the next cardinal to twenty years, risk should be tempered with proper management, diverse investing, and proper land preparation that includes a go away, estate plan, and life insurance if one is non self insured finished a high net worth in personal property (FINRA, 2011). How Much Does one Need to Retire? Retirement goals most often deal with time and money. In order to retire by a certain time, one must have a certain amount of money. This amount can be in a stock account, coming in as passive income, or cash flow, or be a combination of both. In order for me to maintain my current lifestyle in retirement, I will need to have an income of $4,500 with a margin of growth that meets or exceeds inflation. While many quite a littles expenses go down in retirement, I do not want to take any chances when it comes to matters such as healthcare, which is the reason that many senior citizens end up broke and living off of social security and, in some geeks, the equity in their home through a plough mortgage. So, while some of my current expenses, such as compensable for my mortgage, will not be an bring out when I retire, I want to maintain the same level of income to allow for a lifestyle that goes beyond living, and allows me to have a life so that I can travel, give money to organizations I note are important, while having more to leave behind to loved ones. This will be accomplished through proper asset allocation in a diversified portfolio that will come to approximately three-million dollars. summation Allocation My current asset allocation is split between individual stocks that I manage through Scottrade, a company matched 401(k), and real estate. My equity is split evenly between the stock market and residential properties, but over the nex t fifteen to twenty years I expect my real estate holdings to be approximately two-thirds of my portfolio. The reason for this forecast is the properties appreciation and growing equity. In addition to the properties gains, I will also acquire more properties when good deals are available along with the cash to purchase. Owning property is super attractive because the investment can grow while paying at least partially for itself if not in full by way of payments made from tenants. In addition to this, owning property allows investors to receive appraise breaks from losses even in years when money has been made. This is done after mortgage spare-time activity and disparagement is taken into account. For example, if a piece of property is worth $124,000 with mortgage payments of $1,000 per month, and a tenant occupying the home is paying $1,150 in rent for the whole year, then the profit at the end of the year is $1,800. However, the mortgage interest amounted to $9,000, and depre ciation on a piece of investment property is incurred over thirty-one years. In the case of this property, the depreciation is $4,000 a year. Rather than paying taxes on $1,800, a loss is shown in the amount of $11,200, resulting in a larger tax return, or lower tax burden, at the end of the year (Pascale, 2010). The payoff to being in a 401(k) is that the company I work for matches my contributions up to 3%. If my 401(k) is cut in half from a

Organizational Culture Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Culture Analysis - strain ExampleToday, physical compositional leading are confronted with many complex issues during their attempts to generate organisational achievement. A leaders success will depend, to a great extent, upon understanding organizational culture. This paper take Nike as an organization and looks into its cultural orientations that brace for a long time made the firm to be one of the expectant companies in the world.Organization culture forms part of an organizational success factors and many companies rely on the organizational culture to determine their performance and competitive advantages in the industry. Nike is one of the companies reaping effectively from its culture. With an innovative and design culture, Nike has a well-adapted and suited culture that runs through generation to generation (Goldman & Papson, 2000). Its employees have the companys maxims at finger tips and enjoys in the companys enviable brands which are known worldwide and are deeply appreciated by sportsmen and sportswomen all around the world.With a cultural origin and background of digital and design innovator, Nike products have increasingly found the interest and association with millions of customers around the world. The companys reputation has been built on the extreme commitments of its workers who have maintained their zeal out of motivations and better working environment (Rothacher, 2004). The sense of value, accounting of quality, and customer satisfaction are the mysteries and secrets of Nikes corporate culture.The companys logo shown below is a symbol of inspiration, unity, innovation, and cultural progress in achievement of success. It is one of the observed artifacts that impacts the values and behaviors of employees of Nike.As argued by Carbasho (2010), Nike, Inc.s heritage is deeply rooted in innovation and cultured in diversity, inclusion, and inspiration as the get wind drivers of creativity and innovation. For more than the 30,000 employees of Nike, the driving pool

The failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby - Essay ExampleThough Ralph Lauren is one of the most favourite(a) luxury clothing brands, customer segmentation was completely different for its new arm. This had not only created astonishment among customers, but also dissolved the overall brand identity of the Rugby brand. The objective of the current root word is to analyze the failure of Ralph Lauren Rugby, an extended sports clothing line of the brand. On November 2012, the Rugby line of the brand had pass off to an end. Subsequently, website of the line was also closed down and the links were automatically directed to the parent site of Ralph Lauren. cognize for high-end, bold and sassy styles, Ralph Lauren Corporation is one of the finest clothing retail organizations. The luxury retail chain was started in the family 1967 by Ralph Lauren, when he was funded by a manufacturer of clothing lines. He was asked to launch a line for mens ties with the brand name, Polo. While studying in high school, Ralph had already started sell ties. Following that, he was approached by Norman Hilton and in the year 1969, he opened his first boutique in Manhattan (Ralph Lauren, 2014). The business was further expanded by selling tailor made women suits. The first aviate unwrap was opened in the year 1971 in Beverly Hills. Ralph Lauren gained global recognition in a actually short time period and by 1981, he was able to open his maiden international shop in London (Ralph Lauren, 2014). The brand has now expanded in various apparel and accessories sections, such as, semi-formal and formal clothing, luxury wear, fragrances, accessories and furniture. The brand has also ventured into eatery business by opening a high-end restaurant in Chicago. The purpose of this report is to analyse various situations under which the sports arm of Ralph Lauren was pulled out from the market.Launched in the year 2004, Rugby Ralph Lauren was a famous clothing brand of America. The brand focused on pr eppy or rugger inspired apparels for women and

Introduction to Human Resource Management Essay - 2

Introduction to Human Resource Management - Essay ExampleFrom the report it is produce that induction training is one of the important and beginning dance steps for the new as well as the existing employees to revitalise their creative ideas and thus contribute to the general efficiency of the system. It also intends to increase the employees willingness incite them to be more enthusiastic at work emphasising on both the existing and fresh employees. This serve well intends to be highly beneficial for the new employees motivating them to become more productive cooperative towards the order statement as well as the vision of the attach to by generating awareness regarding the previous records and achievements by the organisation.This discussion stresses that the next step of the induction training is to provide the information about organisational structure to the employees indicating the overall structure of the organisation. This includes the different divisions as well as t he briefing about the responsibilities possessed by the employee groups. The step following this process will intend to provide a briefing about the HR Policies of the company referring it to be one of the most important facets of induction training encompassing with the different processes in the works period excluding the operation level works. It is worth mentioning in this context that the involvement of effective HR policies of an organisation signifies the different phases of the employees from the reporting time to the time when the employee decides to resign from the organisation.

Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class Assignment - 3

Topics Discussed in screen - My Participation in Class - Assignment ExampleIn their view, physical forces, such as proficient restraints may make it demanding or even not possible to develop a signifi backt internationalistic market. For instance, a way out of developing nations contain such primitive storage and transportation systems that make international distributions inadequate or at times, impossible. The presenters made this claims when they were explaining the scenario using food as an example. This is because food is frequently shamed by the time it reaches the destination of business in particular nations (Jensen & Hansen 2006, p. 443). In addition, according to them, this fact can be compounded with lack of adequate sewer systems and unclean water. I made a persona to this topic by asserting that exporters in the United States should be informed that particular technological disparities subscribe to an impact on the nature of exportable products. For instance, int ernet and computer utilization in a number of developing nations may be nonexistent or extremely thin. ... In addition, the physical global selling environment has an impact on the economic and political activities, models cultural components, for example, religion and language, and determines transportation, usage of land, and commercial flows. house servant Consumer Predispositions Ethnocentrism and Disidentification The presenters argued that clients local bias is a significant determinant of behaviour of domestic product purchase. In their view, consumer ethnocentrism explains customers lean to prefer local commodities and stay away from foreign commodities. They also argued that marketing managers and researchers examine stages of consumer ethnocentrism to determine the leg of local biases in the business environment. They also argued that consumer disidentification has a tremendous effect on purchasing choices beyond and above the effect of consumer ethnocentrism. In my ar gument, I highlighted that components, for example, ethnic identification and acculturation are significant indicators of both(prenominal) consumer disidentification and consumer ethnocentrism. In addition, I explained that businesses could evaluate the degree of consumer disidentification as part of their continuous tracking studies to determine the degree of consumer disidentification in their local market to attain specified insights into regional disparities in consumer disidentification levels. Such details could be employed to signify whether the national origin of the commodity should be marketed in the respective areas (Shankarmahesh 2006, p. 153). The external choice emphasizes that consumer disidentification may be traced by domestic organizations that attempt to understand consumer disidentification and want to safeguard their markets against escalating global competition. Also,

BBusiness studies - Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BBusiness studies - Economics - Essay ExampleSloman (2006) has explained that demand is limitless and is related to wants. Moreover, if goods and services were free, sight would simply demand whatever they wanted. Supply on the other hand has limits. It is related to the resources available to the firms (Sloman, 2006, p.5). Growth, inflation, unemployment, gross domestic product etc are some of the areas in which microeconomics is mostly interested in. This paper mainly focus on thoroughgoing(a) Domestic Product (gross domestic product) and its effects on a countrys economic growth and individualized wellbeing.Mankiw & Taylor (2006) have mentioned that GDP is a measure of total income of a nation (Mankiw & Taylor 2006, p.464).They also pointed out that GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time (Mankiw & Taylor 2006, p.466). It is numberd based on the total consumer investment and politics spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of present moments (GDP, n. d). The following formula can be used to calculate the GDP of a country in given financial year.From the above equation it is clear that when the import increases the GDP decreases whereas when the consumer spending, investment made by industries, and governmental spending increases, the GDP also increases. The current time out (Recession is a phenomenon in which the output in the economy declines or the growth becomes negative (Sloman, 2006, p.6)), has forced throng to think twice before lavishly spending their moneys. Westerners who normally spend more than what they earn has already started to save some money for the future after visualizing the negative impacts of recession. But from the above formula it is unmixed that too much saving can drastically affect the GDP. GDP is a measure of measuring stick of living in a country even though many economic Gurus have contrary opinions. The GDP performances of United S tate in the recent years can be

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 147

Global Warming - Essay ExampleAs the paper outlines global warming is related to the nursery effect, which is the course by which absorption and discharge of emissions of gases in the atmosphere warms the lower atmosphere and the surface of the globe. Global warming is as a result of reasons, which whitethorn be either natural or manmade. Natural causes atomic number 18 those that are created by nature, and are much related to the emission of methane gas. This is the case in the arctic tundra and wetlands. Methane, being a greenhouse gas, holds heat in the mesosphere. Another natural cause is the cycle of climate change that usually takes about 40,000 years. Human activities befool been credited for the changes in climate as early as during the industrial revolution. Their activities lead to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Pollution is the biggest problem and results from a number of activities, the main being burning of fossil fuels. These are fuels, resul ting from organic matter such as crude and coal. The burning of fossil fuels emits deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide. The mining of oil and coal also allows methane gas to escape into the atmosphere. This is because methane gas exists naturally in the ground. An increase in the race has also been credited for global warming. As people settle in new areas they clear the plant that previously existed and cause deforestation. Plants are known to take in carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. Their clearance increases the amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are a number of effects resulting from global warming. Weather patterns are nearly affected by the climatic change.

Th fed-how it manages the economy and the federal open market committe Essay

Th fed-how it manages the economy and the federal open market committe - strain ExampleThe fed uses its fiscal policy to influence the availability and be of money and credit to economic aid promote national economic goals (Federalreserve. Gov). Among these licks the FOMC is responsible for the open market operations (buying and selling of government bonds to the market) function of the Fed. With the use of this tool through FOMC, the Fed manages the economy by balancing the balancing the interest set according to the economic objective of the government.In simple language, FOMC can help diffuse the economy by reducing the cost of money to business by lowering the interest range that would encourage them to expand their business operation which would in turn have a ripple effect of job creation, change magnitude domestic spending and higher tax collection. During an overheated expansion of the economy, monetary policy can in like manner be used to manage its ill effect whic h is usually inflation (too much money travel in the economy). This can be done by raising the interest evaluate or cost of borrowing which would constrict the money supply and therefore arrest inflation. This function mops out excessive liquidity in the market to abate the effect of an overheated economy by raising interest rates which would otherwise led to an overheated economy.During a crisis such as the recent financial crisis that begun slowly of 2008, monetary policy was used to increase money supply by lowering the interest rates to push for an expansionary economy and abate the effect of the crisis. In the 2008 crisis, the Fed pegged short-term interest rates to skillful zero and bought huge amounts of spacious-term Treasury debt and mortgages to push down long-term rates (Wessel). The objective of adopting this monetary policy through FOMC was (1) signal that the Fed would keep short-term rates low for a long time, (2) drive long-term consumer and business borrowing rates lower

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Marketing - Assignment ExampleA steward is usually come to with the three disciplines of mapping, building and aligning a leave value ashes. Channel value establishment bear be improved and converted from an assembly of certain elements to a highly integrated and efficient system with a deliberate strategy.Mapping is all about coming up with a strategy on how the goods or products will reach the consumer from the producer. It means detailing ones go to market world. It involves coming up with an overview of the system and what drives it. Understanding customer needs and their demand is in addition important in mapping for channel stewards. It also involves coming up with diagrams showing flow of products and services through the channel value chain, Gauging outside forces plastic the market, Catalog channel member division and cost of labor and calculating a case for channel stewardship investing.Building involves assembling a new and improved overall system and putting it int o aligned practice. This basically means creating the stewardship plan. It also deals with targeting value chain value properties of key customer segments, Identifying levels of operation up and fell the chain based on perspectives shared with stewardship groups by respected people from each channel supply and prioritizing and demarcating roles and investments is the final step in the building task.Aligning is all about harmonizing the channel value chain. It includes Engendering the 3 Ts truth, transparency and trust, resolving channel discrepancies and reconciling differences between competing channels, and sustain senior administrator engagement from all players.Internet shopping has brought a lot of changes in the marketing sector since well-nigh all goods and services nowadays are being marketed and transacted online wise. Incorporating the internet into a channel strategy and overcoming super C obstacles that prevent transformation has been

In the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In the instruction - Essay ExampleThe cartoon is specifically designed to portray the reasons that made Omar J. Gonzalez illegally present into statehouse. In the cartoon, the fence jumper is certain that his access to higher utility is blocked by the fence. batch on the other side are better off but slightly neglect the perch he says I bet they have Great candy there. Phil leaves it to the reader to make a closedown whether the man had been humiliated or not, given that his luggage is labeled trick or treat. As discipline of fact, since the war against Iraq started, many veterans came home wounded while most had severe mental incapacities despite the chairman making great promises to curb their mistreatment.In this cartoon, Phil targets the public, who are criticizing the mans effort to seek some recognition. His fri fire represents the general public who cant see the nice buildings on the other end and thus demotivates the fence jumper from accomplishing his mission.Handy, P hil. Fence jumper. Wisconsin state journal 25Oct.2014 n. pag. Web.

Issues in international politics (EU) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues in international governing (EU) - Essay ExampleThis research essay will aim to offer and evaluate the EUs role in its fight against international terrorism. In this research paper, I wish to stress that disrespect all(prenominal) these counter terrorism initiatives, the endanger from terrorism remains one of the vital European issues and challenges, and EUs anti-terrorism strategies atomic number 18 to be overhauled completely. (Prezelj 200716). Whether EUs Anti Terrorism is effective and efficient? - An analytic thinking Terrorism is not a new phenomenon, and it is a technique customarily utilise by a weaker section or actor against mighty or stronger one. Terrorism can referred as a byproduct of the growth of democracy, as governances and leaders became subject to public pressure. The terrorism was first known to be used in the context of the French Revolution, and later it became very famous on 11 September 2011 happenings. With the brass instrument of the Terroris m, Radicalism, Extremism and international Violence sort (TREVI group) in 1975 and with the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (ECST) of 1977, the germ of European co-operation on counter-terrorism can be recognised in the 1970s. (CEDAT 115) There are many elements that find terrorist actions as unacceptable and unfair among them, the clandestine nature and the fact that the terrorists do not show themselves shoot in open dispute and do not show themselves openly. The most abhorrent issue is cleansing of non-combatants or innocents. When killing an Israeli, a Palestine terrorist may argue that they are involved in a fight against all Israelis, including women and children as they would claim that they are involved in a battle against all Israelis. The same could be true for other terrorist groups, be they in Chechnya, Spain, Sri Lanka or Northern Island. (Mahncke & Monar 200614). EU has be terrorism as the principal menace to European security, Terrorism is c haracterised as global in its backdrop and associated to aggressive religious extremism. Europe is both a base for terrorism and a potential target. The menace of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction was also within the EUs terrorist context. The most worsening scenario is if a terrorist group obtains and employs weapons of mass destruction, then the outcome will be of devastation. (Prezelj 200721) The real fact is that Anti-terrorist measures in EU are not supported by all member states, mainly due to differences in threat perception. For instance, UK and Spain may want to place terrorism as the core issue of the EU agenda and to arrive at an anti-terrorism measure that they conceive to be significant. However, for non-Spanish and non-British policy-makers, this may not be relevant and could be costly and far-reaching want the idea of data retention. (Mahncke & Monar 200640). Divergence in threat perception may also help to do to demonstrate the difference in coopera tion and speed in implementing EU-level anti-terrorism cooperative agreements. EU member states that does not send off terrorism as a significant issue lags behind in implementing and approving new cooperation agreements and laws contrasted to nations where government witness populations that feel more intimidated by terrorism. Thus, it appears

Role of Education in Career Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Role of Education in calling Success - Essay ExampleEducation and successful c areers are frequently seen as unrelated. People often quote examples of figures that have made it to the top without a degree. However, as this paper shows, education provides a fixed ground for a healthy, stable career. Researches show that education instills and h peerlesss certain set of skills, which come in deft in professional lives, and gives an edge to those who take the long road than those who prefer unequal cuts and drop out. Although, at that place are examples of those who attained great heights without a degree, the paper shows that education did play a percent in their success as well. With the economic recession and financial turmoil surrounding economies around the world, the brilliance of education is neglected and traded off for quick income. However, with the economic crises increases the risk of financial crashing. In such times, a degree is more stable a resource than work exp erience.It is a human tendency to breast for short cuts. In every sphere of life, one easily finds examples of people making it through short cuts and taking a non-conventional path to their destination. Rag to riches stories of high school and college dropouts, like Bill render and Steve Jobs, who made it to the top and used to their inner innovation and abilities to the maximum potential, are cases, which rat a besotted point against the orthodox path of education. As appealing as it all sounds, role of education in career success is vital and significant. Statistics from Lansing Community College reveal that elementary teachers work less than most other professionals i.e. 10 months per year with best and the most experienced ones earning up to 85,000 dollars per year. The point to mention this is to underline on the government investment on schooling. Secondly, teaching is one of those professions where one is supposed to carry a college degree. Thus, it is an example of how higher education gives way to successful high-paid jobs. Education is a complex term. With stages of schooling including elementary, halfway, high, and college, one usually perplexes himself with its utility at every stage. Therefore, parents rarely object to send their kids to elementary or middle school, even high school. However, things are more complicated at the level of college since someones now have to make their own decisions and parents grow tired of supporting their children for so long. Despite of these issues, education is very significant in main of a successful career. This paper will attempt to highlight some of the ways in which a good education is a necessary factor to an ideal, successful career. Literature Review The eye socket of education is full of studies on role of education on successful careers. Researchers are interested in finding out, how exactly education plays a role in determining successful career paths. To look backward the literature, one mus t be clear about the terms used in the search. The keywords of this paper are education and career. Education It is defined as a process of acquiring knowledge and skills set which enables an individual to process in mannequination and make wise decisions. The concept of education has grown expansive in the bygone couple of decades. Earlier, education was perceived limited to getting a degree whereby with the growth in arguing in all fields of sciences, the concept of education is expanded to more continuous and encompassing form of education which does not restrict itself to the walls of a classroom. Career It is defined as the occupation a individual takes up for most single out of his life and progresses within its scope. Career is, to say the least, the most important part of a persons life. People select their careers usually quite early but many another(prenominal) people make shifts across different careers, depending on various factors. Many studies (Paik, 2004) highly correlate

Apple, Microsoft and Google & Management Information Systems Case Study

Apple, Microsoft and Google & Management Information Systems - Case look at ExampleThis paper highlights that Apple enjoys a positive reputation for the quality of its products. As such, the company relies on the positive reputation to sell its other related products. The company manufactures high-quality smartphones and computers. The products use a unique operating(a) system. Such is an effective strategy that limits the companys customers to the products of the company. Google, on the other hand, employs variegation as its get word marketing strategy. The company manufactures various products and applications all of which enjoy relative market shares. The cumulative effect of the diversification safeguards the companys profitability. Microsoft is the current leader in the PC world. The company scooped the market from inception by creating a unique product that lacked in the society.As such, it remained to enjoy the benefits of such an iconic invention. The company has legion(pr edicate) operating systems coupled with equally vital programs. Additionally, the company bought Nokia in its attempt to diversify its market then enjoys a share of the fast-growe smartphone market. The strategies employed by each of the three companies are effective since they check into that the companies enjoy their relative profitability. As explained earlier, each of the three companies continues to struggle for the mobile computing market. This portrays the importance of the market. expeditious computing is the future of the industry. The use of portable devises if the future of the industry as users continue to demand twain convenience and mobility. Google continues to manufacture applications to suit the interface of the various handheld devices. The company enjoys increased profitability owing to the efficiency of its products such as the google.com search engine among many others. Apple has among the largest share of the market.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 34

Philosophy - Essay ExampleHe believed that it was up to every person to contemplate and depend into his soul to find out who he or she was.Except for very r atomic number 18 instances cited by a few historians, he hardly ever worked. He also never wrote. He prided himself on the questions he asked. Even this is not entirely true. He didnt pride himself on anything. He never offered answers. iodin of his most famous sayings isI know that I know nothing. This is a whole complex cut down known as the Socratic Problem.Socrates was extremely cynical and many of his sayings were paradoxical because they contradicted common sense. Some of these are No one desires evil. No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly. Virtue alone virtueis knowledge. Virtue is sufficient for happiness. I know that I know nothing noble and near (Irwin, 64). But by far his most famous saying is I only know that I know nothing.Plato wrote a series entitled Socratic Dialogues (The Republic, Apology of Socra tes, etc.) in which he presented discussions between Socrates and otherwise contemporary philosophers and between Socrates and his many students.As the only source of Socrates philosophical beliefs is Platos writings, it is difficult to classify those of Socrates beliefs from those of Plato. There are those who believe that Plato did, in fact, have his own philosophical orientation. There is contr oversy among scholars over what these were because of the difficulty of separating Socrates from Plato in Platos dialogues. Consequently, distinguishing the philosophical beliefs of Socrates from those of Plato and Xenophon is not easy and it must be remembered that what is attri exclusivelyed to Socrates might more closely reflect the specific concerns of these thinkers.The matter is complicated because the historical Socrates seems to have been notorious for asking questions but not answering them, claiming to lack wisdom concerning the subjects

GE cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GE cases - Essay ExampleCrotonville is basically a tune oriented university for GE Company. It is at times referred to as the John F. Welch Leadership Development Center (Nikravan, 2011, p. 38). It has attain a wide recognition over the past years due to its commitment to excellence in management and leadership development of employees. Besides, it is also known for sharing the best leadership practices and values passim the world. Crotonville therefore enables organizations to look positively towards the future thereby making them to strain a competitive advantage. This is come through through the exchange of knowledge with consumers, suppliers and associates. Comparatively, Crotonville has been seen to improve the present and future managers. For instance, it has introduced a cultural diversity role model hence spreading the main corporate inventiveness all over GE. This also enables the managers to interact and gain more experience.The absolute mission of Crotonville is to in vent, detect and transfer organizational knowledge (Fulmer & Goldsmith, 2000, p.60) in order to enhance the growth and competence of GEs employees all over the world. From this, it can be ascertained that Crotonville has ternary duties and purposes to GE. First of all, it educates the employees. This is achieved through the provision of executive development programs which focuses on leadership, management, change, stigmatization and the companys hear initiatives among other aspects. Secondly, it is a tool or channel that GE uses to communicate and strengthen its values with the widely distributed stakeholders of the company. For instance, it offers programs and sessions with key customers that enable them not only to succeed, but to improve the customer relations as well. Examples of these programs could allow customer briefings, change management, adaptation, and integration.Equally important, Crotonville acts as a link to transmitting the best

Friction Lab Essay Example for Free

Friction Lab EssayDiscussion and ReviewWhenever a consistency slides along another clay a resisting hale is called into play that is known as grinding. This is a rattling heavy legions and serves many useful exercises. A person could not walk without friction, nor could a car instigate itself along a highway without the friction between the tires and the road originate. On the other hand, friction is very wasteful. It reduces the efficiency of machines because work must be d matchless to conquer it and this energy is wasted as heat. The purpose of this experiment is to study the laws of friction and to determine the coefficient of friction between two resurrects. THEORYFriction is the resisting world power encountered when champion surface slides over another. This draw in acts along the tangent to the surfaces in contact. The force necessary to bastinado friction depends on the nature of the materials in contact, on their roughness or smoothness, and on the con ventionalism force but not on the area of contact or on the speed of the motion. We find by experimentation that the force of friction is directly proportional to the normal force. When an aspiration is sitting on a horizontal surface the normal force is incisively the weight of the object. However, if the object is on an incline then it is not qualified to the weight but is calculated by N= mg cos . The constant of checkiser is called the coefficient of friction, . When the contacting surfaces are actually sliding one over the other the force of friction is given byequating 1Ffr = k FNwhere Ffr is the force of friction and is directed parallel to the surfaces and opposite to the direction of motion. FN is the normal force and k is the coefficient of kinetic friction. The subscript k stands for kinetic, meaning that k is the coefficient that applies when the surfaces are movingone with respect to the other. k is therefore to a greater extent precisely called the coefficient of kinetic or sliding friction. Note cautiously that Ffris always directed opposite to the direction of motion. This means that if you reverse the direction of sliding, the frictional force reverses similarly. In short, friction is always against you. Friction is called a non-conservative force because energy must be used to overcome it no matter which way you go. This is in contrast to what is called a conservative force such as gravity, which is against you on the way up but with you on the way down.Thus, the energy expended in lifting an object may be regained when the object descends. Yet, the energy used to overcome friction is dissipated, which means it is lost or do un on hand(predicate) as heat. As you will see to it in your later study ofphysics the bankers bill between conservative and non-conservative forces is a very important one that is fundamental to our cin one casefulpts of heat and energy.A order of checking the proportionality of Ffr, and FNand of determinin g the proportionality constant k is to have one of the surfaces in the defecate of a plane placed horizontally with a pulley fastened at one end. The other surface is the bottom face of a halt that rests on the plane and to which is attached a weighted stack that passes over the pulley. The weights are varied until the cube excises at constant speed after having been started with a subtle push. Since there is no acceleration, the net force on the pulley- obstruction is zero, which means that the frictional force is commensurate to the tension in the cord.This tension, in turn, is equal to the total weight attached to the cords end. The normal force between the two surfaces is equal to the weight of the block and can be increased by placing weights on top of the block. Thus, corresponding observes of Ffr,and FN can be found, and plotting them will show whether Ffrand FN are indeed proportional. The tilt of this graph gives k. When a body lies at rest on a surface and an att empt is make to push it, the pushing force is opposed by a frictional force. As long as the pushing force is not strong enough to start the body moving, the body remains in equilibrium.This means that the frictional force automatically adjusts itself to be equal to the pushing force and thus to just be enough to balance it. However, there is a threshold value of the pushing force beyond which larger values will cause the body to break away and slide. Weconclude that in the smooth case where a body is at rest the frictional force automatically adjusts itself to lionize the body at rest up to a certain soapimum. But if static equilibrium demands a frictional force larger than this maximum, static equilibrium conditions will cease to exist because this force is not available and the body will start to move. This situation may be expressed in equation form asEquation 2Ffr sFN or Ffr max = sFNWhere Ffris the frictional force in the static case, Ffr max is the maximum value this force can assume and sis the coefficient of static friction. We find that sis somewhat larger than k. This means that a somewhat larger force is needed to break a body away and start it sliding than is needed to keep it sliding at constant speed once it is in motion. This is why a slight push is necessary to get the block started for the measurement of k. superstar way of investigating the case of static friction is to observe the so-called pass careen of repose. This is outlined as the maximum angle to which an inclined plane may be tip before a block placed on the plane just starts to slide. The arrangement is illustrated in Figure 1 above. The block has weight W whose fraction Wcos (where is the plane angle) is perpendicular to the plane and is thus equal to the normal force, FN. The component Wsin is parallel to the plane and constitutes the force urging the block to slide down the plane. It is opposed by the frictional force Ffr, As long as the block remains at rest, Ffr must be equal to W sin . If the plane is tipped up until at some value max the block just starts to slide, we haveEquation 3ButHenceOrThus, if the plane is gradually tipped up until the block just breaks away and the plane angle is then measured, the coefficient of static friction is equal to the tangent of this angle, which is called the limiting angle of repose. It is interesting to note that W cancelled out in the line of Equation 3 so that the weight of the block doesnt matter.PROCEDUREThis experiment requires you to record measurements in Newtons. toy with that in SI units the unit of force is called the Newton (N). One Newton is the force required to impart an acceleration of 1m/s2 to a mass of 1 kg. Thus 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2. You can metamorphose any kg-mass to Newtons by multiplying the kg-weight by 9.8 m/s2, i.e., 100 g = 0.1 kg = 0.1 x 9.8 = .98 N. 1.Determining force of kinetic or sliding friction and static friction a. The wooden blocks provided in the LabPaq are too light to give good readings so you need to put some weight onthem, such as a full soft drink can. Weigh the plain wood block and the object used on top of the block. Record the combined weight in grams and Newtons.b. Place the ramp mount up you provided horizontally on a table. If necessary tape it down at the ends with masking tape to keep if from sliding.c. Begin the experiment by setting the block and its weight on the board with its largest surface in contact with the surface of the board. Connect the blocks hook to the 500-g spring surmount. d. Using the spring graduated table, slowly pull the block lengthwise along the horizontal board. When the block is moving with constant speed, note the force indicated on the scale and record. This is the approximate kinetic or sliding frictional force. Repeat two more times.e. While cautiously watching the spring scale, start the block from rest. When the block just starts to move, note the force indicated on the scale and record. You should no tice that this requires more force. This force isapproximately equal to the static frictional force. Repeat two more times.Determining coefficient of static friction using an inclined surfacea. Place the plain block with its largest surface in contact on the board while the board is lying flat.b. Slowly raise one end of the board until the block just breaks away and starts to slide down. Be very careful to movethe plane slowly and smoothly so as to get a precise value of the angle withthe horizontal at which the block just breaks away. This is the limiting angle of repose max. Measure it with a protractor (see video that follows for an alternate way of measuring the angle) and record the result. You may also want to measure the tooshie and the tallness of the triangle formed by the board, the support, and the floor or table. The height divided by the length of the base equals the coefficient of static friction.Rememberc. Perform two more trials. These trials should be independen t. This means that in each case the plane should bereturned to the horizontal, the block placed on it, and the plane carefully moved up until the limiting angle of repose is reached.DATA TABLE 6HeightBase Length maxsTrial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageCalculations1. Using the mass of the block and the average force of kinetic friction from Data slacken 1, calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction from Equation 12. Using the mass of the block and the average force of kinetic friction from Data control panel 2, calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction for the woodblock sliding on its side. Record your result and see how it compares with the value of kobtained from Data Table 1.3. From the data in Data Table 3, 4 5 aim the coefficient of static friction, sfor, the glass surface on wood, the sandpapered surface on wood, and wood on carpet, etc from each of your trinity trials. Calculate an average value of s.Record your results in your own data sheets.4.From the data obtained in D ata Table 6 calculate sfor wood on wood from each of your three trials.5.Calculate an average value of s. Record your result on the data sheet.QuestionsA. How does the coefficient of static friction compare with the coefficient of kinetic friction for the analogous surfaces and areas?B. Why is it important to reduce friction during the operation of machinery? C. How does grease or oil affect the coefficient of friction?

Rickshaw by Chinese literary great Lao She Essay Example for Free

Rickshaw by Chinese literary con facial expressionr fitted Lao She Es feel outThrough telling the story of Xiangzi, Lao Shes Rickshaw moulds a wo humanity in Hu Niu that is the antithesis of e precise(prenominal)thing that a woman should be in the customal ordination of that period. In the sequence-honoured Chinese culture, in that location has long been a strong prejudice against wo hands of origin. Every unfavour fitting im eon has been linked with particularly those who waste proved especially formidcap able. Throughout the histories that engender been written by largely men where views as traditional as Xiangzis nourish been prevalent, dominant women sire been presented in the to the highest degree unsympathetic kindling. In similar fashion, our savour at the character Hu Niu is relentlessly coloured by Xiangzis harsh narrative. It is impossible to do a light reading of Rickshaw and anticipate to be presented a face for Hu Niu that is to true to her actual pers on. on that pointfore, in align to ensure that our come acrossing of this distinctive woman is holistic, we must overturn both issues what sort of social influences submit manipulated Xiangzis point of view and what is Xiangzis inherent character that so overwhelming pre-ordains the substance he call backs. just later on peeling back such layers do we throw a depiction of Hu Niu that is non peppered by biases. Only by doing our confess commentary on the story do we hear the point of view of who is non talking and what is non universe told, and that is the narrative of Hu Niu herself. What we subsequently come to realize is that, due to his wild prejudices, Xiangzi has rejected his top hat risk of escaping the jinrikisha-pullers misfortunes when he rejects Hu Niu.In the broader wiz of the Chinese history, women who have held power have oftentimes been blamed as the cause for ruin of an blameless dynasty period. Historians have, for example, al ways blamed the massfall of the Qing dynasty on wholly Empress Cixi and her refusal to recognize the changing times around her. In a more than specific sense indoors the context of this novel, Xiangzi presents Hu Niu as the woman who is fully to blame for causing the d bearfall of a man. Women who strayed away from the traits that society norms dictate be ascertainn as abnormal. In the verbalise(prenominal) way, Xiangzis descriptions are just about discriminating when revealing thoughts most any strong woman in his disembodied spirit, and he especially vilifies Hu Niu. This is non unlike the negative ways that dominant women like Empress Cixi and Empress Wu Zetian have beenrepresented throughout history.Under Confucian beliefs, it has been highly regarded the notion that the best types of women were the virtuous wizards who may show maternal instincts before they even marry towards their younger siblings and widower fathers. There have always been deep-seated attitudes that have limi ted womens access to power. Patriarchy being the norm of the culture, a womans position within her family and the social hierarchy was as a dependent, not leader, of men. The tendency has been to assign women and men contrasting roles, and womens special reproductive functions, of course, encourage this division. Often, the sharply restricted participation of women as competitors raises questions around a females ability to command.In actuality, women are by nature no weaker than men. As a generalization, certainly, they may be physically slighter and their characters gentler, notwithstanding this does not equate to them being fundamentally powerless, useless, hesitant, cowardly, or able to survive alone by obeying men. Scientists and historians have devised systems to analyse the workings of the instauration that, coincidentally, protect their own interests bandage oppressing and dominating women the theory of Yin and Yang, for example, was established to demonstrate that, i nherently, the female sex (yin) is linked with softer elements of the world such as shut upness, inwardness, or earth, etc., while the male (yang) is linked with some(prenominal) stronger elements such as motion, outwardness, sky.Commanding and opinionated women were seen to be transgressing this boundary of yin and yang. Women who yielded power and used their skills in mind games to manipulate situations to their favour are seen as masculine and unnatural. Women who used their sex activity were seen as even more improper. Regardless of their individual personalities and abilities, females have been perceived as too weak, paradoxical and emotional to rule. This sentiment is shown in a Chinese saying that stated A woman dominion is like a hen crowing .As we see from the beginning of his tale, due to Xiangzis traditional views,his envisage is to someday marry a robust and effective country girl after making equal money . As a result, it is apparent to us that the foundation of Hu Nius very nature had doomed her from the blast to be the recipient of all of Xiangzi prejudices. The precise manner in which she came to catch Xiangzi in marriage light every one of his prejudgments against women, especially against those who yielded sexual power. Xiangzi is incredibly scared of sexual women, but he mostly piously masquerades this fear as loathing or distaste. The morning following Hu Nius seduction of him, Xiangzi is thoroughly gross out by the thought of Hu Niu, whom he deems as ugly, old, nagging, and shameless (54).So despite the fact that the warlord soldiers has so heartlessly robbed from him the first rickshaw he had completed so passionately, in Xiangzis mind they are still this instan at that place near as despicable as Hu Niu is (54). The fact that all the wrongs in the world that have been through onto him did not compare to the hurt through with(p) onto him by sex-hungry women attests to his straight-out prejudice. After Hu Niu gains some know ledge from Xiao Fuzi most the variety of physical acts, she proceeds to use Xiangzis body to rein her lost springtime (172). This enrages Xiangzi, who subsequently believes that Hu Nius homework for him and caring for him is merely attempts to fatten him up to distinguish him her plaything (152).Xiangzis disdain for sexual women as well as manifests itself in the way he sees noblewoman Xia, as merely a woman who could give him a teensy extra cash (204). Xiangzi always tries to find safety in reverting to look down on the women whom he secretly finds intimidating. He does not like Madam Xia because he finds her to be a mid furbish up terrifying, the way Hu Niu had been terrifying (204). He feels that Madam Xia brought with her all the harmfulness and destructiveness of the female sex that he had already tasted before and hated.His scorn for sexually predatory women is confirmed by the fact that he feels Hu Niu and Madam Xia were the same line of goods (204), meaning both women were strong, scheming and impure. Xiangzis view had been shaped by the fact that society as a whole merely accepted women who exhibited bashfulness and mildness. History tends to vilify Empress Wu Zetian, for example, and tell stories of her sexual appetites . She harboured violet ambitions of becoming emperor and was indeed perhaps one of the most able of the Chinese emperors. In attempts to line up her youth as she aged, she kepta number of young men as her companions , no different from the way both Emperors and ordinary men alike all kept paramours. But history has been immobile to condemn the gender reversals and sexual excesses of women as abnormal and uncivilized.Xiangzis little regard for women also encompasses his prejudice against financially minded females. We as readers notice immediately how practically more intelligent Hu Niu is than Xiangzi, but he just sees her as manipulative. Hu Niu recognizes that brute military posture is hardenedly the lone(prenomina l) way to make a living. Her business sense shows clearly in her immediate idea to rent out a room to Xiao Fuzi to aid the last mentioned in the entertainment of men, or her quick thought to rent out the rickshaw to Ting as opposed to letting it sit idle when Xiangzi caught pneumonia from the summer storm (184). She has it meticulously planned out of how untold money to spend on what items.Hu Niu is astute more or less what actions fire be taken when money begins to decrease. She suggests that they go back to Old Liu, act submissive, and make up with him for the fight she had with him she knows that she needs to given her father face, that he needs to be flattered and cajoled. She calculates, albeit too late, that by submitting to Old Liu, she and Xiangzi would be able to get the mans money lawfully in the proper line of inheritance (147). We see Xiangzi subsequently admitting to himself that none of this had ever occurred to him (148). Yet, even though he admits that he had ne ver thought Hu Niu would have a plan like that in mind, and now he had an idea of her smarts, he still refuses to agree with Hu Niu. His stubborn reasoning is that he does not necessity to be the wifes toy nor the father-in-laws lackey (149). But he himself has no other ideas. The absurdity is clear in the fact that his sole(prenominal) argument is, he just does not want to loaf, and twist a rickshaw is all he knows.Xiangzis prejudice against economically minded females is also seen in his disregard for Kao Mas advice regarding savings and investments. Kao Ma tries to teach Xiangzi how money breeds money and is herself very adept in modern financial strategies (70). Although Xiangzi thinks Kao Ma is perfectly nice and is one of the very few women whom he respects, her advice to him is very quickly dismissed by Xiangzi only because she was merely awoman. He trusts only himself, and when he adds up his money on his own, he directly decides that it is much safer kept in his own h ands (72). His entire mind is centred only on guardianship the money that he has. Besides laboriously pulling a rickshaw for a seemingly immeasurable period of time, his mind is nothing like Kao Mas or Hu Nius regarding how to use the money one already has to recognise more.Xiangzi in fact feels that his deathlike grip on his money is worthy of respect, and even though Kao Ma was a nice enough woman, he sees no advantage in following her advice (73). pull down when Madam Fang, an old employer, had urged him to open a savings account, he promptly rejected the notion because, through his misrepresent logic, he felt that the cash in his hands was much better than the numbers in a passbook (71). One disregard not help but think that if it were not the Madam Fangs and Kao Mas of the world giving Xiangzi these advice, if in fact a man Mr. Cao, perhaps had done so, Xiangzi would certainly have listened much more seriously.Xiangzis loathing for being under Hu Nius check over is a r eflection of the fact that, throughout history, there have been blatant biases against female rulers. That a female could gain power over men and an entire country thereby abandoning the path set up for her by society was not accepted to a huge degree. Cixi, probable the shrewdest woman of all of Asia during her period, has been credited with the some of the worst things to befall her era. Much has been said about her rule as being the significant contributing factor to the ruin of a nation. Be that as it may, her control stems from power she fought for and won for herself.She rose from the lowest positions of a fifth rank concubine to what was eventually considered by many at the time as the only man in China, and likely exercised more power than any woman in that time . Another illustration of the bias can also be found against Empress Wu Zetian. Likely one of the most influential and oftentimes misunderstood rulers of bladderwrack Dynasty China, she controlled the empire duri ng one of its more peaceful and culturally diverse periods . Some may say that she was unpitying in her desire to gain and keep power, but others may say that she merely did what she had to and acted no other than than any male emperors of the same period. The kinds of behaviour criticized in men are dramatically different than those criticized in women, especially one dominant and deviant enough to rule an empire.It should be no surprise to us, then, that Xiangzi, somebody who is determined to be dependent on only his own size and strength, should find is so unacceptable to be controlled by a woman like Hu Niu. Xiangzi is dogged about relying on nothing more than his own muscles, and he distrusts a woman who uses shrewdness and mind game to get what she wants. To him, Hu Nius calculating proposals are shameful, and he hates having to be at the mercy of her dominance (149). The fact that a woman enounceed him about was insufferable for someone as headstrong as Xiangzi. This loath ing comes to such a height he eventually declares that he is glad that she is dead because she had always oppressed him (218).He believes anyone who is powerful or calculating to be evil and deserves to die. Despite the fact that Xiangzis execration has been building since his meeting of Hu Niu, the severity and mercilessness of his cattiness here is still surprisingly startling. Xiangzi states that the only people he thought deserves to live was himself and Xiao Fuzi, who is loyal and honest (218). Such a statement reveals to the reader that if Xiangzi is ever at all capable of empathizing with anyone, it is only with the static and the meek.Xiangzis discrimination against Hu Niu cannot be fully understood until we get a feel of his ode to Xiao Fuzi. The earliest we observe of his bigotry for women as a whole is when he purchases his first rickshaw and the only class of persons to whom he entirely refuses to grant a ride are women, who are, in his opinion, an indication of bad omen (10). More appropriately, we could say Xiangzis bias is most concentrated against specifically those women who know what they want and stops at nothing to grasp it. We see that the only woman in this entire novel of whom he sings high and unfettered praises is the one woman who is different from Hu Niu in every possible way simpleminded, thoughtless, compliant and sweet Xiao Fuzi. As we know, tradition calls for women to have no opinion, listen to the husband, be tolerant, be useful and not be afraid of hard work. Xiao Fuzi is the epitome of the perfect woman of Xiangzis dreams.Even when Hu Niu is making Xiao Fuzis life miserable and her business difficult, the latter is still capable of swallowing her tears, and humbling herself by throwing herself at Hu Nius mercy. The bearing of disgrace by kneelingbefore Hu Niu is the most admirable of sacrifices (188). Xiangzi make outs Xiao Fuzis mildness and it shows in his fondness for her companionship and conservations (186). With Hu Niu, he never got the last word. Xiangzi can only tolerate a traditional woman who listens to men. Therefore, in Hu Nuis devotion to Xiangzi, we see that her love could never find reciprocation or fulfilment. Furthermore, we can deduce for ourselves that if Xiao Fuzi was not someone who handed her whole life over to himsomeone who needed a man like himsomeone whom he could rescue (224), nothing about her either would have been any allure for Xiangzi.If Xiangzis opinion were the only narrative in the novel, then simply after considering his side could be the end of our story. After all, this novel is centred on Xiangzi the repetition in his buying the rickshaw, losing the rickshaw and is about how life has killed his idealistic dreams. However, merely Xiangzis account can not be depended upon. The story of Xiangzis loss of hope is told through two competing narratives. There is another narrator excessively Xiangzi that every now and then gives us glimpses of the fact that the H u Niu at the centre of all of Xiangzis lamentations is not completely real. Throughout Xiangzis struggles, the one character that we cannot get away from is Hu Niu, even though a pure account of her inner thoughts hardly ever airfoils. The immenseness of her role in this novel may seem somewhat belittled by the fact that every image we get of her character is through Xiangzis eyes. To work against Xiangzis bias, the reader must delve deeper under the surface narratives through which to form ones own version of the original Hu Niu.We see very little of a non-Xiangzi-influenced, indifferent(p) narrators Hu Niu. And if we did rely on Xiangzis mind to tell us the whole story and all its underlying events, we would be cheating ourselves. For a thorough view of Hu Niu, Xiangzis version must be rounded out by our own analysis. The reason for this is that there is always a story unfolding that Xiangzi simply does not understand there is a woman in this story that Xiangzi does not recogni se. How reliable is Xiangzis explanation of the story? We should consider how reliable Xiangzis explanation is of the world at large.Xiangzis views of himself and the environment surrounding him occasionally seem ridiculously spinning top down. Having arrived in Beijing from the countryside at age 18, he has no education and is merely somewhat lane smart. Being physically strong, and possessing characteristics like passion, honesty, righteousness , he is extremely self-righteous and self-confident. Through the narrators descriptions of Xiangzis arrogance, it helps us see that his views of himself are horribly distorted by his ego. Once he had grown into his body by his 20s, he became tall, strong, broad-shouldered and big-footed (5).He thought of himself as the best at what he did. We further see Xiangzis toilet table in the fact that he goes as far as to smile at himself whenever he looks in the mirror he is that satisfied with himself. He is so confident in his strength to be a ble to conquer everything that he never likes or bothers to talk with others or discuss anything with fellow rickshaw pullers. Even when he encounters something unlucky, he still believes that he would find a way out of it and would not be easily cheated or defeated because of his strength.All this narcissism we see in Xiangzi is a completely mutually exclusive view to what we as bystanders think of him when we regard Xiangzi. We see on his face a particularly lurid scar, courtesy of a mule (5). This scar is long and large and a quite noticeable reproach on his face. Quickly, we begin to see that this scar is representative of more inherent character flaws, something more innate in Xiangzi that contributes to his eventual downfall.One of these flaws is his ego. Even though we see this gaping imperfection on his face, Xiangzis love for it remains the same as his love for his body, blind and excessive. He sees his face as also possessing tough strength just like his face (5). He ess entially regards his face as another character reference of one of his limbs as long as his four limbs are strong, his face is also strong and noble. In actuality, Xiangzis scar attests to his short-sightedness. We sense that there is a feeling of mockery in the narrators detached statement that Xiangzi believes relying on only his intelligence and exertions were enough to realize his ambitions (4).Another flaw is Xiangzis weakness for compliments, also a testament to hisvanity. He feels particularly important, for instance, when his impressive height requires him to duck his head when he passes through a doorway (11). Also, when no rickshaw puller is willing to risk going to Qing Hua University for fear of the warlord soldiers, all someone has to do is call Xiangzi a Big Boy and he promptly decides he would go, as though his strength could certainly prevent any danger from befalling him. This flattery of Big Boy, and the fact that the payer of the compliment was a short-of-bodybal dhead to whom Xiangzi felt significantly superior, led to the demise of Xiangzis first rickshaw. He had felt invincible.Xiangzis character flaw is also seen in his stubbornness. He is stubborn about not letting go of his money for medicine when he falls ill (9). He is stubborn about never needing a helping hand from anyone or anything. He deems himself to be so great that, depending only on his strength, he believes he would be able to leakage from the evil cycle that is the life of a rickshaw-puller. This said cycle comprises the rickshaw man being forevermore doomed to pull a rickshaw his entire life, be frequently susceptible to injury, in conclusion grow old, become chronically ill, and, unable to run any longer, one day fall down in the middle of the streets and die. Xiangzi is mulish about the fact that he could beat the system without anyones assistance if only he just impediments away from distractions. This brings us to his ultimate stubbornness, which is about the disa strous distraction that is Hu Niu.As a result of seeing Xiangzis impressions of himself, we are wary of the validity of the image of Hu Niu Xiangzi projects through his narration. In crafty how traditional his views are and how biased he is against women of power, it is immediately evident how distorted his vision is of Hu Niu. As readers, we can see that his life takes a favourable turn when he meets Hu Niu. Even if we did contemplate her through Xiangzis disadvantage eyes, we can still see how useful and capable a person she is. This woman knows about life. We determine her authority, and Old Master Liu values her authority and did not want to see her marital and gone , but Xiangzi seems fundamentally incapable of seeing anything positive in her capabilities.In his mind, her intelligence translates into shrewdness, and her ability to manage and calculate translates into manipulation. What is more, he refuses to see that Hu Niu really cares for him. He rejects the possibility th at, if only he would listen to Hu Nius advice, he could escape the rickshaw pullers horrible lifecycle. His stupidity is so blinding that he attributes his decline to the existence of Hu Niu, when in actuality his own stupidity is the very trait that causes his demise. Xiangzis c drift offd-mindedness makes him unable to understand others motives, locking him in, and causing him to see everything from only his own point of view.Xiangzi does not have the intelligence or foresight to see the Hu Niu that readers see, or the fact that Hu Niu is his finest chance at a better life. Worse, he actually thinks Hu Niu will be the death of him. Every time she takes something into her own hands or solves a problem a problem from which Xiangzi would always run away, besides he would believe that he has suffered another wrong because he cannot stand being under her control (140-144). We consider Hu Nius economic sense to be sensible and her logic to be a good way to extract Xiangzi from his dre ary existence. She has sensed that his personality could doom him to toil all his life (149).But she tells him outright that even though he may have his plans to confinement away his entire life, she has her plans to change that (149). And her plans for him lie down of the hope that he will not need to pull a rickshaw anymore, not have to stink with sweat, and can get out of a dead-end occupation. Xiangzi, however, does not see that using shrewd business practices instead could lead quicker to a better life. All he wants is to painstakingly make money cent by cent through blood and sweat and buy his rickshaw he does not know there could be any other ways to live. Hu Niu knows what must be done to help Xiangzi escape misfortune. She tells Xiangzi explicitly that she will take care of him but all he wants to do is escape (83).To be sure, Hu Nius effort to end Xiangzis life as a rickshaw puller is partly due to the act that she does not want to be the wife of a poor rickshaw man (1 58). She regards herself as someone significantly more elegant than those living in the mixed courtyard. The thought that she could lose everything on Xiangzis account makes her momentarily almost regretful of marrying him (158). Nevertheless, these thoughts were only temporarylapses in her mind, for she truly is in love with Xiangzi. She likens the happiness she feels being married to Xiangzi as feeling like her entire body was a big red flower blossoming warmly, fragrantly, beneath the rays of the sun (158). Inside, she knows that even if Xiangzi spends his whole life pulling a rickshaw, or if even he were reduced to begging, she would still never leave him she would stay with him forever (158). Hu Niu tells Xiangzi of her love for him over and over I think about you all the time. I love you. vertiginous take care of you (83), I know youre ambitious but you ought to realise that I really love you, too (156). But Xiangzi ignores it all. He is contemptuous of her behaviour and begr udges Hu Nius money (152). He does not want to think about how unmanly it is to be using his wifes money to buy a rickshaw (148).Hu Niu is scrupulous in her care for Xiangzi. She is not gentle by nature like Xiao Fuzi, so she does not know how to sweet cajole him when speaking, especially if she is already anxious over him. When she tells Xiangzi that she still has four hundred dollars left after they marry and prods him to relax a little and enjoy life because he pulls a rickshaw and stinks of sweat all year long, it comes out sounding near to an order (148). But it is clear that her heart is not unkind and her intentions are good. Stubbornly, Xiangzi only sees the attention and concern that Hu Niu showers him as her attempts to fatten him up like a cow so as to better squeeze the milk out of him (152). We witness the fact that Hu Niu would very much like to have a quality family life with Xiangzi and hopes for Xiangzi to have a better life than that of a rickshaw pullers.She is un deniably calculating in deciding to approach her father, despite their fight, in order to get a firmer grip on Old Lius money. But this is so she would then be able to find Xiangzi a better job (157). She believes that Xiangzi has ideal traits of strength, diligence and frugality and sees in him potential for greater success if only he would let go of his death grip on the desire to only pull a rickshaw. But because Xiangzi has been a child of misfortune and knew what deep poverty was (152), he is level in his belief that only hard physical labour is the solution to anything. Without much life bewilder (other than that of pulling a rickshaw), Xiangzi does not know any better. By ignoring the potential of Hu Nius abilities, he isdoomed to stay in the disastrous cycle.By looking beyond Xiangzis prejudiced criticisms of Hu Niu, we get a much most realistic view of this woman. Indeed, we even feel sorry for her. When she thinks of the joy of being married to Xiangzi, it is a enchantm ent for her that she could not even speak of (158). We as readers, however, read almost in the same breath of Xiangzis hatred for her. While she wants to promenade with Xiangzi and show off the happiness of her marriage, Xiangzi, meanwhile, finds walking about with any woman in tow to be a disgraceful business, much less someone he abhorred as much as Hu Niu (146). This sort of ingrained thinking Xiangzi cannot change. Our sympathy for Hu Niu stems from the fact that her attempts to loosen his attitude and alter his brainpower were ill-fated from the beginning.Xiangzis palpable narrow-mindedness permeates the entire novel. When he comes to the realization that his body wasnt as strong as it had been, he attributes it to the fact that Hu Niu, the bloodsucking monster, has sucked away his virility (205). It is never even a consideration that his age and the major bouts of illness could be the reasons for his inability to run as fast as before. Societal traditions have also embedded i n him preconceptions about women like Hu Niu, whose every movewas like that of a woman who had been married for a long time (145) and chauvinism that a woman who is quick, experienced, and had an air of self-confidence is conversely not worthy of respect.Ironically, the more obsessively Xiangzi portrays to us the evil Hu Niu that he wants us to see, the more clearly we see the Hu Niu that is not shown through Xiangzis narrative. A thought that perfectly captures the irrationality and absurdity of Xiangzis mind is when Hu Niu poses to him the question, Between the two of us, who should listen to who? (149). This is a loaded question that triggers much thought. Despite the tenacity of Xiangzis incessant commentary, we do not come to side with him in formulating our answer to that question. On the contrary, we have gathered every evidence in each situation to believe that Hu Niu was the key to Xiangzis chance at breaking the cycle.Xiangzi is the only one who does notsee this and it is to his own immense detriment. His many character flaws are revealed in his enormous ego, stubbornness, shortsightedness, and staunch mistrust of others advice, especially advice from women. His prejudice against Hu Niu has been particularly hardened by societal beliefs and the traditional stigma that follows sharp and able women. Xiangzi is trapped in the blindness of his prejudice and remains perpetually unable to see and hear the Hu Niu that we last comprehend. Ignoring Hu Nius help, support and advice, we watch with disappearing sympathy as Xiangzis hurtled towards the expected end of a rickshaw-pullers life cycle.

Arthur Miller Good Theatre Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller Good Theatre EssayA View from the Bridge is a post war die hard centred on longshoreman Eddie Carbonne. Eddie lives with wife Beatrice, and niece Catherine. The play depicts the conflict that occurs when, Italian immigrants and relatives of Beatrice, Marco and Rudolpho, come to stay with them and Rudolpho forms a romantic relationship with Catherine, hithertotually marrying her. It ends in a violent confrontation between Marco and Eddie. Eddie confronts Marco with a knife, but it backfires and he is stabbed to death. I am going to make the question, what makes A View from the Bridge good theatre by firstly analysing four main components the characters, themes, microscope stage directions and dramatic devices. I am going to begin with the characters. The three most important characters are Eddie, Beatrice and Alfieri. Firstly, Eddie has the starring(p) role and the complexities of his character add many intriguing dimensions. For instance, there are his deep fee lings for Catherine and their incestuous connotations. passim the play, Eddies feelings towards Catherine are made known to the audience and many of the other characters.However Eddie still seems oblivious and even though his actions strongly suggest he loves her as more than a niece, he never verbalises his feelings or wilfully admits to them. EDDIE What can I do? I gotta sit in my own dramaturgy and appearance at a son-of-a-bitch punk like that which he came out of nowhere I give him my house to sleep I take the blankets off my bed for him, and he takes and puts his dirty filthy hands on her like a god dam thief Here, Eddie is getting increasingly angry, because he feels that by marrying Catherine, Rudolpho is someway stealing from him. Miller shows this by using expletives and exclamation marks.This shows that he is protective of her in a slimly more than paternal way. When Alfieri makes the comment about Eddie marrying Catherine, it is on the surface an offhand retort to ridicule Eddies skepticism at Catherine marrying Rudolpho, but Eddie reacts very badly to it, because Alfieri has actually pinpointed the true nature of his feelings. However instead of acknowledging this, he shouts at Alfieri in an attempt. Here, the audience is made aware of the fact that in his own mind, Eddie is just organism protective of his niece, and that any improper feelings from Catherine are deeply suppressed.Therefore, the audience is always in anticipation of the bite when Eddie vents all that suppressed emotion, which creates increasing tension. Miller puts a pause at the end of Eddies angry explosion because the moment of silence would allow the audience to realise the true meaning of the conversation. ALFIERI You know sometimes divinity fudge mixes up the people. We all love someone but sometimes theres too much and it goes where it mustnt there is too much love for the niece. Do you understand what Im saying to you?

Ethnic Marketing in Indonesia Essay Example for Free

ethnic Marketing in Indonesia EssayIndonesias national slogan Bhinneka ika tungat. that means unity and diversity, is a lovesome topical anaesthetic motto that celebrates differences, specially the demographic one. This slogan was adopted at independence in 1945. This go across the sack indicate in a first approach a strongly united population, a solid ground where people atomic number 18 allowed to practice and conserve their ethnic Identity. But this never was the general case in Indonesia. There is this insidious ordinary racism in the country that takes place in their e very(prenominal)day living.Because this ineffable diversity is however limited to ethnic classifys with claims to a territory this includes the Javanese, the Sundanese and the Madurese. There are other local groups that are not as significant. For the other groups that can not have the same claims, it is another account statement especially when it comes to the Chinese Indonesian. Being migrants w ith powerful and strategic positions, they are often excluded by the population or they exclude themselves.If this is how the Indonesian society can be perceived, it isnt the same when it comes to the marketing approach. It can be said that it is not that simple to talk about ethnic marketing in Indonesia when it is tie in to tangible characteristics. If the comparison was made with Singapore, It is much easier to identify that a person belongs to a certain ethnic group when she is shown in an advertisement. It becomes more delicate when the ethnic groups have a lot of similarities.Even if Chinese, Indo or Arab origins Indonesians are not accepted everywhere or not recognized as true Indonesian by a part of the society, they still have their place and are represented for marketing purposes. We can give an example of Western Union For the first Ad, adressed to the chinese Indonesian poulation, the person is an office working man, we would or else think that he has a good salary an d is educated. The emphasis here is about the importance of the go of the transaction.For the second Ad, more adressed to Indonesians with claims of territory, The main character is a little girl that due to the received money, could go to school. It shows the importance that is taking girls education in those groups. When it comes to the language, companies that operate at a national level broadly use Indonesian or English for their advertisement campaigns. The use of a specific language related to a group is more likely to stay in the frame of small companies that operates in very restricted areas.

Soviet Union Essay Example for Free

Soviet Union EssayName_____________________________________________Unit Four Ethnicity1. Define ethnicity_____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________3. magnetic inclination the quaternity ethnicities mentioned in your text and list their regional location and percentage of the U.S. population EthnicityRegion% in U.S.4. List two cities where African Americans are concentrated and give the percentage of population they make up in these cities 4.a._________________________________________________________________________________ 4.b.__________________________________________________________________________________ 5. List three cities where Hispanics are concentrated and give the percentage of population they make up in these cities 5.a._________________________________________________________________________________ 5.b._________________________________________________________ _________________________ 5.c._________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Name and describe three major migration patterns of African-Americans that have shaped their current distribution in the U. S 6.a._________________________________________________________________________________ 6.b.__________________________________________________________________________________ 6.c._________________________________________________________________________________7. Contrast ethnicity and

Classroom Observation Essay Example for Free

Classroom Observation testI.Settinga.Reading classb.2 staff/approximately 17 studentsc.Smaller class than usual and one of a few classrooms that hold an additional staff (paraprofessional) d.4th grade (student functions on 2nd grade level for Reading) II.Type of Taska.Independent reading/worksheet predecessorStudent is presented with an independent reading task.BehaviorDisruptionConsequencesLeast to most hierarchy of students specific expression plan.Antecedent in tokenWhen presented with an independent reading assignment (following similar throng work assignment) student will become frustrated because of the difficulty of the assignment causing the maladjustive look described Behavior in detail. For this student disruptive behavior is defined as any fact of calling unwrap, teasing others, name calling, kicking his desk, and/or screaming/yelling that interferes with his and his peers instructional time. Consequences in detail .This students maladaptive behavior of disrup tion will result in consequences that range from the to the lowest degree to most hierarchy. This is specifically redirection to task, verbal reprimand of upcoming consequences, in class time out off from the majority of the students (at this time the student is still required to be working on the independent task), out of class time out (monitored by the paraprofessional), sent to the behavior specialist assigned to this student. This last quantity typically results in aphone call to the parent/guardian explaining the students maladaptive behavior. It also may result in the requirement of a meeting of the pertinent parties involved (teacher, paraprofessional, and behavior specialist.Dwayne Williams03/29/2010AntecedentsBehaviorConsequenceFunctionStudent is presented with an independent reading task.DisruptionLeast to most hierarchy of students specific behavior plan.For AttentionPeersStaff

A Critical Study of Income Patterns After the Event Tourism in Sri Lanka Essay Example for Free

A Critical occupy of Income Patterns After the Event tourism in Sri Lanka EssaySri Lankan touristry has improved with the end of the urbane war in 2009 it has able to bring many tourists from miscellaneous nationals to Sri Lanka ascribable to improvement of Security and other touristry related infrastructure. Sri Lankatourism is focusing on promoting Sri Lankan tourism done many areas that can get competitive advantage from its key competitors. Event tourism considered as the modish addition to the Sri Lankan tourist industry, with the intention of latent to be a key tourist attraction to widget the attention of many tourists by organizing various international and local events ascends the tourism in Sri Lanka and to earn true foreign exchange and expertise from other countries. During 2008-2010 development of world tourism remained flat due to the lather recession world has gone done after 1930s.During 2009 world tourism has dropped dramatically by 5.5% and in 2010 growth of tourism remained flat. This slump of tourism did not affect Sri Lanka badly but the phase Sri Lankan civil war was ending (2008-2009) tourist arrivals had dropped considerably. But has able to rebound from the droop during the post war blockage due to the progress of situation security of the island. Event tourism is an important and rapidly growing piece of international tourism . An article by Getz in 1989 in Tourism Management.Problem Statement gibe to Mahinda Chinthaya which is organizations philosophy on development of Sri lanka, tourism considered as key income generator for SL sparing, tardily SLB has spend firmly on organizing major international events to attract foreign tourist to Sri Lanka. These events have many merits and failures to make away and through this research author will do a critical study of income patterns after the event tourism in Sri Lanka which is essential go on improvement of the Sri Lanka travel industry. So the study is consist o f information regarding the revenues and expenses occurred recently concluded Events in Sri Lanka. Critical study of income patterns after the event tourism in Sri Lanka which is essential further improvement of the Sri Lanka travel industry. Problem JustificationIncome after events conducted in SL gone under public conjecture, assignment of income generated thorough sale of goods and services during the time of an event is a vital factor in future(a) event planning.Analyses of the expenses made by private sector and government is important since some of the damage unable(p) to be accounted due to poor accounting policies used by firms. Since that its important to identify the income generated by locals as well as foreigners by conducting events in Sri Lanka. All the income generated sponsorships given by the foreign firms for events conducted in SL and the identification of the publicity given by local and foreign media which has given good image most Sri Lanka and future inco me can be generated from these promotions. Though analyze author critically evaluate the income pattern after event tourism in Sri lanka and areas that critical have a impact on, Event tourism Sri Lanka which has been seldom overlooked by the government of Sri Lanka to develop the countries tourism.Objectives of the Study* Objective of leting key areas that able Sri Lanka should develop to Event tourism. * Evaluating past international events organized by Sri Lanka tourism to promote tourism in Sri Lanka. * To find start the relationship between past events and their revenue generation to gain positive financial out comes to Sri Lanka. * Recommend the areas that Sri Lanka Tourism should widen to gain more financial and to Promote Sri lanka as a major Event tourism destination. * Find out the structure of the Sri Lanka tourism and how to develop to add more pecuniary returns though improvement of its functions.Significance of the StudyScope of the study- research going to be profou nd and comparative analysis of the research topic. Population for the research is been events the recently held in Sri Lanka (2009-2011), following constraints also been identify during the offshoot of the research. Sample for research-Data available of the events conducted in Sri Lanka are not well documented and large scale events has the deviate of the government. Since some of the cost incurred during the events are not available. Therefore the author has chosen the samples from events that have primary cost of more than 30 million to conduct an event, because hundreds of events done individualsfocusing on Tourists. Below mentioned groups are benefited from this fibEvent organizers Through analysis of this Research help event organizers identify returns and expenses of conducting events. Also it will head them development weaknesses which they done in past events and use their strength effectively. Tourism professionals of the industry (promoters) this able to identify the areas they should develop attract from tourists and to built image on other countries to visit Sri Lanka by using various cost effective and creative incentives attract more visitors to Sri Lanka to attend the future events. Government- This will help government identify the areas that should improve outcomes of the events conducted by various parties to attract tourists, which gives a valuable contribution to the local economy and to make a productive return from their investments. Media-Research will guide local and foreign media carry out widespread promotion events on Sri Lanka and the boost the image of Sri Lanka as a major tourism destination. future day researchers- Research on this topic guide future researchers to an in-depth research in subject matter.Scope of the StudyResearch will be focused on revenues or the income generated from event organized by Sri Lanka Tourism and it will identify the how the income patterns during the period of 2009-2011.Research contained the events conducted in Sri Lanka focusing only on attracting foreign tourist with supporter of the government. Thorough analysis of the research people related tourism, particularly people who financing the similar events discussed in the research.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 3 Research MethodologyIndependent VariablesDependant Variable surmisal

Employee right case study bea Essay Example for Free

Employee right case study bea EssayThe crisp of Loyalty is part of the baptismal of fire when you enter an organization. When you become part of a group, you are make to follow the pledge or if you can non, just leave. And this will play a crucial role in the discussion of this case study.On the first question of Allen Lopez retaining his job, while the First Amendment states that Lopez airing of grievance is protected under the Freedom of Expression, he is, however, in conflict with the crime of defamation and for not observing exercise restrictions and loyalty oaths. So while he is allowed to use whatever medium to state his feelings and ideas, the law allows his alliance to fire him for he endangers the security of his companys workforce.On the second question on whether Lopez be forced to remove his website, the company may do one of two things. First, the company may entreat for Temporary Restraining Order that will be issued by the court which will then order Lopez t o deflect the website or to bring it down temporarily before the court decides on whether putting up the website did sack company laws as stated in the loyalty pledge. Second is to sue Lopez for damages and include in their motion that he bring down the website to curb further attacks on the companys image.Lastly, on how ExtremeNets executives will respect Lopezs rights and dignity, it is best for ExtremeNet to simply ask the court to bring the website down especially if it did not pose any significant negative effects in the dealings of the company. Allen Lopez has been a good employee and was entirely fighting for the welfare of the lower ranking employees. But still, it is in the discretion of ExtremeNet to either fire or retain Allen Lopez in the company.Find truth. First Amendment Freedom of Expression. accessible at http//caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment01/ eLaws. Employment Law Guide. accessible at http//www.dol.gov/compliance/guide/

Goals of Linguistic Essay Example for Free

Goals of Linguistic Es theorizeMr. 1. presentment 1. 1. Approaching the issue The task of screen background out (to use a neutral word) the designs of a compassionate exercise may be approached in a variety of ways depending on conditions much(prenominal) as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the finishs. In the case of the final stages of a scientific discipline, the dubiety may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods * Deductive approach The highest and more or less general goal is taken as an axiom, to a greater extent specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it. * Inductive approach By methods of the sociology of perception, the goals actually chased by scientists may be ascertained by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what goals a community thinks should be taild by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings * The postulation of t he highest goal is itself outside the scope of science. * Clean proof is but possible in the logical disciplines. What is called deduction in (the rest of) philosophy, the tenderities and companionable sciences is really informal and heavily dependent on the interlingual rendition of words.The inductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings * Just like different people, scientists occasionally pursue selfish or idiosyncratic goals, which a daintyly inductive approach would non be satisfactory to separate out. * The extra-scientific members of a social community be they politicians or citizens have limited presuppositions of making a sane contribution to the discussion of the goals of a science, lacking both knowledge and experience of the nature and possibilities of scientific work and presuppositions for appreciating the weird side of fair gameive knowledge (see below).On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that few of them can disti nguish between scientific insight and technological progress. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine as usual deductive and inductive methods, hoping that they will compensate for each others shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from time to time). However, it has apparently not been done.I will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem, informed both by or so epistemology of linguals and by some experience with lingual work. 1. 2. Fundamentals Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals. Science is the pursuit of headingive knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such(prenominal)(prenominal) knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the improve ment of the conditio humana.It is in the nature of human cognizance as opposed to Gods cognition , that it can be fully achieved only in communication. To say that the goal is preyive knowledge is therefore al closely tantamount to saying that it is rational communication. This rephrasing overly serves the purpose of avoiding a static conception of objective knowledge. In the more specific discussion below, the role of communication in the achievements of the goals of a science will come up again. Understanding has two sides, a spiritual and a practical one.* On the spiritual side, the human heed is enriched if it understands something and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the dry land in which we live is another contribution to improving the conditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a strong er contribution to the practical side. This is the basis for the distinction between native and applied science. philology is the study of human words.Understanding this object has a purely spiritual view, which constitutes what might be called pure linguistics and what is more commonly called general linguistics. It also has a practical aspect, which concerns the role of spoken quarrels in human lives and societies and the possibilities of improving it. This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized.As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), there is a basic distinction between logical, a posteriori and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them. Here we will focus on the tasks of linguistics as an empirical discipline. For such a discipline, the main tasks are 1. worki ng out of a theory of its object 2. enfranchisement and description of its object 3. shade of procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema.2. Theory the nature of human language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object. In this respect, the task of linguistics consists in the elaboration of a theory of human language and its relation to the languages. Its most important aspects include * the structure(s) and function(s) of human language and languages * the relationship between unity and diversity of human languages * linguistic change * acquisition of ones native languageIn characterizing the nature of human language, linguistic theory also delimits it against other kinds of semiosis, both synchronically in the comparison of spoken and written languages with sign languages, whistling languages and, furthermore, with animal languages, and diachronically in the comparison with primate semiotic systems from which human language may have evolved. 3. Empiry documentation and description of languages As recalled above, linguistics is (among other things) an empirical science.In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelationship between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the description of the object one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and as yet languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows 1. language documentation recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and text editionbooks that represent a certain language 2. language description 1. the setting of the language * ethnographic * social/cultural * genealogical 2. the language system* semantic system grammar, lexicon * scene systems phonology, writing The docume ntation of a language moldiness be such that people who do not have access to the language itself can use the documentation as a surrogate for as many purposes as possible. In particular, it should be possible to develop a description of a language on the basis of its documentation. The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils what it codes and what it leaves uncoded , and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this.It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description take the historical dimension of the object into account. That is, in the synchronic perspective, they are systematic, while in the diachronic perspective, they are historical. 4. Practice application of linguistics The daily use of language for communication an d cognition is replete with all kinds of tasks and problems that require science for a proper solution.Some of them are * compilation of grammars, dictionaries and text editions for various purposes * native and foreign language teaching * testing of linguistic proficiency * standardizing and planning languages * create mentally and improving writing systems * development and maintenance of special languages and terminologies * analysis and alleviation of communication problems in social settings * diagnosis and therapy of aphasic impairments * intercultural communication, translation and interpreting * communication technology speech technology, automatic speech and text production and analysis, machine translation, corpus exploitation The descriptions produced in pure linguistics not only descriptive linguistics, but also socio-, psycho-, neuro-, ethno- etc. linguistics are exploited for the formulation of technical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields are taken as challenges by speculative and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions that respond to them. 5.Methodology epistemic reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science objective knowledge requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems. * The epistemological side of this activity is a stock-taking of the particular nature of the activity of the linguist, its goals, conditions and possibilities.There will be reflection on the logical, empirical and hermeneutic nature of the object of linguistics and the approaches appropriate to each facet. * The operational side of methodology is the elaboration of particular methods within such a methodological frame of the discipline. Given the interplay of specific aspects of the linguistic object with specific problems and purposes, specific sets of methods may be developed to deal adequately with such aspects of the object, to solve such problems and serve such purposes.This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its fulfillment of this task. 6. Cooperation interdisciplinary fertilization.The articulation of science into disciplines is, first of all, a necessity of the division of labor. As observed above, a particular discipline is constituted by the combine of an object with an epistemic interest. The object is just a segment of the overall object area hypersensitized of scientific insight, the epistemic interest depends on all kinds of factors, and the combinations of these two elements are consequently manifold. In other words, no discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and feature with other disciplines.The theories developed by a discipline moldiness define their object in such a way that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e. where the interfaces for the combination of related theories are. And they must be formulated in such a way that non-specialists can understand them and relate them to the epistemic interest pursued by them. Thus, a linguistic theory has to make explicit what it purports to cover and what not for instance, only the linguistic system, not its use and linguists should say what they think is required for taking care of the rest.Moreover, the p roducts of linguistic description and documentation must be represented in such a way that non-linguists may use them. For instance, there must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be undefendable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines.For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community. A discipline that can neither inspire other disciplines nor be inspired by them gets isolated and unnecessary. 7. Conclusion Above, fi ve areas of goals of linguistics have been identified 1.Theory the nature of human language 2. Empiry documentation and description of languages 3. Practice application of linguistics 4. Methodology epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level. Goal 1, the elaboration of a theory of its object, is the highest goal of any science. As already mentioned, goal 1 is interdependent with goal 2, because a theory of an object area presupposes its proper description, and a proper description presupposes a theory on which it can be based.Furthermore, the production of documentations and descriptions is a service to the society. This is even more true of goal 3 The solution of daily-life tasks and problems is a practical contribution to the improvement of the conditio humana. It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the soluti on of the problem and better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the content and form of descriptions.Goals 4 and 5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context. They are, however, preconditions for the attainment of goals 1 3. As said before, no serious theory can be developed, no adequate descriptions and documentations can be produced, and no practical problems can be solved, without an arsenal of pertinent methods and without a systematic interchange with disciplines that partly share the object area or the epistemic interest.