Fenstads Mother :: essays papers

Fenstads MotherIn Fenstads Mother, by Charles Baxter, character is a very essential element to the story. The main character, Harry Fenstad, is a complicated person, but it is his mother, Mrs. Clara Fenstad, who I feel is a more important and complex person. In this brief paper, I will explain why it is my opinion that both of these characters play a crucial role in the story by complementing and underdeveloped separately others character.Fenstad c areer is a brochure writer, but he also teaches an extension English-composition class at the downtown campus of the state university. He attends church regularly, and his passion is ice skating. I know that these may seem like simple ways to describe a character I conduct referred to as complicated, but in that respect is so much more that lies beneath these plain descriptions.Fenstad says that he likes to teach because he liked teaching strangers and because he enjoyed the superstar of hope that classrooms held for him (page 117). H arry seems to be a very distant person in that he likes to be around people who do not truly know him. He would much rather be an observer than a very active participant. When he goes ice skating in the beginning of the story, there are a lot of people who are skating, but he can blend right in. He hs a few friends, but they are very similar to Fenstad. They like the same things and have the same attitudes about life. Fenstad does not want to seem to deviate from his own normal way of life. Fenstads mother, Clara, is a character quite opposite from her son. She is older and does not get out of her house much. She used to be very active in governing and loves to be around people. She has a kindness and generosity that instantly attracts other people. When she begins to visit Fenstads logic class, the students seem to be more interested in what she has to say than in what Fenstad is trying to teach. Mrs. Fenstad is aware and understands her own magnetism and tries not to take t oo much attention away from her son.The two characters help each other develop throughout the story. Fenstad is a person who is very reluctant to change, whereas his mother is an individual whose mind is always open to new possibilities. It did not awe me that Mrs.

Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust Essay -- Essays Papers

Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust Synopsis Hitlers Willing Executioners is a work that may change our understanding of the Holocaust and of Ger umpteen during the Nazi period. Daniel Goldhagen has revisited a question that history has come to treat as settled, and his researches have led him to the unavoidable conclusion that none of the established answers holds true. Drawing on materials either unexplored or neglected by previous scholars, Goldhagen presents new evidence to show that many beliefs about the killers ar fallacies. They were not primarily SS men or Nazi Party members, but perfectly ordinary Germans from all walks of life, men who brutalized and murdered Jews some(prenominal) willingly and zealously. They acted as they did because of a widespread, profound, unquestioned, and virulent anti-Semitism that led them to regard the Jews as a demonic enemy whose extermination was not only undeniable but also just.1 The author proposes to show that the phenomenon of German anti-Semitism was already deep-rooted and pervasive in German society before Hitler came to power, and that thither was a widely shared view that the Jews ought to be eliminated in some way from German society. When Hitler chose mass extermination as the only final solution, he was easily able to enlist vast numbers of Germans to carry it out.About the Author - Daniel Jonah Goldhagen is Assistant Professor of G everyplacenment and Social Studies at Harvard University and an plug in of Harvards Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. His doctoral dissertation, which is the basis for his book Hitlers Willing Executioners Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, was awarded the American Political Science Associations 1994 Gabriel A. Almond Award for the best dissertation in the field of comparative politics.2Summary - For the extermination of the Jews to occur, four principal things were necessary1. The Nazis - that is, the leadership, specifically Hitler - had to decide to un dertake the extermination. 2. They had to gain control over the Jews, namely over the territory in which they resided. 3. They had to organize the extermination and devote to it sufficient resources. 4. They had to induce a large number of people to carry out the killings.The vast literature on Nazism and the Holocaust treats in great depth the first three elements, the focus of this book, is t... ...lity and having judged the mass annihilation of Jews to be right, did not want to take no.It is my belief that the author presents a very controversial view of the causes and implementation of the Holocaust. The root of the controversy is his contention that the German people, as a society, are responsible for the attempted extermination of the Jews. According to Mr. Goldhagen, in the eyes of the Germans, the Jews as nothing more than a cancer that must be removed in order to cure the ills of their nation. In the book Mr. Goldhagen has gone to great extents to prove his views. However, his theories will probably remain a point of contention with historians for years to come.4 The brutality and horror that is described throughout the book is, at times, overwhelming. To realize that one group of people can treat their fellow man with such(prenominal) heartlessness and savagery in what we call a civilized world is almost beyond comprehension. Notes1. Hitlers Willing Executioners, Book Jacket, 19962. Patterns of Prejudice, Erich Goldhagen, 1978, 12, No.1, 1-163. First Things, Richard John Neuhaus, terrific/September 1996, 36-414. U.S. News & World Report, David Gergen, May 24, 1996

Media Essay - Advertisements for Body Enhancement Supplements

Advertisements for Body Enhancement Supplements   There is evidence that shows that at least one scientist reported 100 years ago that block outosterone is the cause of masculine features in males. But 100 years ago this was yet to be proven.  That is approximately how long the idea of a product which support in the enhancement of mass and strength for people was around.  However, when the actual ontogeny of the product came around, the advertisements designed to aid in the sales and production of the product left everywhere(p) a lot to be desired compared to what is available.  Today, that is only to be expected due to the fact that we live in a more advanced civilization.  all over time, the physical description of what was depicted to be the ideal muscular physique has changed as eras passed.  The reasoning for this change in muscle physique dates back to the development of the product which technically started it all, Steroids.     &n bsp          The actual development of anabolic steroids took place during the 1930s which was during the decline of the United States industrial society courtesy of the Great Depression.  Researchers developing steroids used dogs to test out their theories.  Through their test, they discovered that the usage of anabolic steroids increased muscle mass in the dogs, causing a leaner, more muscular looking physique.  In the 40s, the anabolic steroids were given to POWs and those that were suffering from malnutrition.  In the 50s, anabolic steroids were given a new purpose that was strictly for strength gains.  Athletes in Europe and Russia were using steroids fair(a) for that purpose.  Ster... ...that deemed steroids to be lethal took place in the late 1970s and early 1980s during Olympic games. In the Golden Era, the side effects were unaware of and steroids seemed to be safe so no restraints were brought upon for its usage and distribution.  Even with the knowledge of possessing side effects, there is a select few of who still purchase and use Steroids over the black market.  In most cases, the method which fascinated those back then for instant muscle is still use today, but on different products.  problematical Bodies, Ripped Pecs, Six- Packs, are all part of the Total Package method use for people to buy body and muscle enhancing products.   Works Cited Associate press Mind & Muscle POWER General Media Communications Inc September 1999 Phillips The Steroid World  www.http//www.steroidworld.com/ (C) 1999-2000

Connections between Dickinson’s Life and Themes Essay -- Biography

Many people in the world today misunderstand and judge other people. This represents people through and throughout time. In the middle to late 1800s, people judged Emily Dickinson and never really knew who she was. Her life was a mystery to most people because all they knew was her reclusive self. She wrote at the end of the Romantic boundary but is also referred to as a writer from the Realist era due to her focusing on negative aspects of life. Writing over 1,770 poems, Dickinson published only seven throughout her lifetime (Dommermuth-Costa 105). People never realized her talent until after she was dead and her sister, Lavinia, took her poems to be published (104). Without intending to do so, Dickinson affected American Romanticism through her writings and her knowledge (104). She wrote unconventional, but her poems were unique by lacking a title and using different punctuation (104). People can learn approximately Emily Dickinson without alone reading her biography. Her poet ry reveals many aspects of her life such as solitude, pain, religion, love, and finis. Emily Dickinsons life greatly influenced her poetry.Dickinsons poetry possesses the idea of solitude just as her life did. There is a Solitude of Space says that a person can find anonymity in the privacy of her home (Dommermuth-Costa 56). In addition, The Soul Selects Her Own Society contains a description of a soul that freely chooses to close itself off from the world to pursue solitude in fellowship to help with her creativity and self-discovery, which is what Dickinson decided to do with her life (The Soul Select). In the first stanza of The Soul Selects Her Own Society, the speaker describes the soul shutting a door, an image of an individual deliberately closing herself away (The So... ...(Because I Could). Dickinson spent most of her time in bed from November 1885 because she was suffering from Brights disease, a very serious disease of the liver (Dommermuth-Costa 101). She went into a coma on May 13, 1886 and never regained consciousness (101). Dickinsons fascination with death reflects the theme of death in her poetry.In conclusion, Emily Dickinsons life inspired her poetrys themes. Her experience with her solitude and religious ideals added to the truth behind some of her poems. Additionally, her pain undergo from deaths and her fascination with death portrayed an individuals true feelings toward death. Her love life greatly influenced her poetry because many people did not know more or less her having any kind of relationships with people. Overall, reading Emily Dickinsons poetry helps a person discover the many experiences of her life.

The Argument for Celibacy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Argument E

The Argument for CelibacyHow could someone explain Americas loosening medical prognosis of bring upual intercourse over recent decades? Have our moral standards changed so much that they now accept or even encourage frequent sex? Is it just a method of rebellion as lot attempt to fight conservative societal views? Perhaps we just wish to fight those who teach inhibitive ideas on us, and our forms of freedom in this case, that of our bodies.Has American medias desire for revenue and profit caused an increased sway towards what was previously deemed inappropriate? Thomas Jefferson even in one case said that man is an imitative animal. Is America just experiencing a spontaneous hormone rush? Is it possible for a society to experience its experience version of puberty? Or has America just always been horny and never shown it? After all, the 70-year-old chick from The Wedding Singer screwed the modern equivalent of two hundred men before she got married, didnt she?One can speculat e on these ideas, probably others as well, and not really get anywhere. Theyve all contributed to modern attitudes towards sex. entirely beneath all the sexual innuendos of American entertainment, the social standards of acceptance based on sexual practices, and all of the Saturday night hoopla over whos sacking to get laid first and how many beers it will take, there is a subtle current of those who look in the other direction. Imagine this some nation argon actually happy without getting any.You can reread that last sentence if you withdraw to. Thats why its there.Not all people consider it a priority to do push-ups the hard way every weekend. In fact, some consider it a priority not to. These people are celibates, and theyre not ashamed to admit it. Theyre proud... ...any man-made laws, there is a strong value in preserving ones virginity until marriage. But again, in our country, adhering to these principles is a matter of choice. Most choose not to, and find many forms of sex to be part of our culture, and completely acceptable to engage in. Some do not view it as such. While the celibate may not make his virginal state well-known, the values that influence its holding remain true(p) and steadfast in his life, regardless of cultural and social change. Celibates are often ridiculed for not following societal views or conforming to popular culture. Anyone can surround as to whether or not these aspects of life are acceptable, but next time you think of a celibate in a ridiculing manner, ask yourself if you would have the courage and the integrity of one. Then try ridiculing. It could prove much harder than getting someone in the sack.

Liability of Vessels for Collisions Caused at Sea: Case Study Essay

In the given case study a dispute result arise between the four parties to determine the liability of each watercraft for multiple strikings ca social functiond at sea. In summary, the facts ar that the Flipper was crossing the Britannia Straits traffic separation scheme but was not making proper use of the crossing points. The Willie, a bulk oil carrier which was adhering to the scheme, spotted the Flipper and foresaw the risk of collision so the captain issued a series of warnings. The Flipper cut these warnings thinking she had enough time to pass. The Willie, realising she was being ignored made a turn for starboard creating a wash which capsized the Flipper and a nearby yacht. Moments subsequently the Orca, which was insufficiently crewed and had faulty navigation equipment collided with the semi-submerged Flipper. The captain of the Orca refused salvage assistance thinking he could return the transfer to the port for repairs himself. However, the vessel sunk earlier it could reach safety.In this essay I am going to advise all four parties as to their likely liability for the collision and the defences and counter claims available. In doing this I will make reference to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (hereafter referred to as the collision regulations) and the common and statute law regarding causation. By advising the parties according to these good instruments they can determine their likely liability in court. I will start by establishing which vessels caused the collisions. It should be noted that although it was the misconduct of the crew members that led to the collision, the ship owner will still be held vicariously liable unless he can prove the acts of the crew constituted a frolic of their own, s... ... from its collision with the Flipper was still the operating cause of the sinking therefore the Flipper and the Willie must also bear some liability.In conclusion it is likely that the courts will appo rtion liability as such the Flipper and the Willie will be found 80% and 20% liable respectively. However, if it is proved that the Willie acted on scanty radio detection and ranging information in breach of regulation 7(c) then the likely apportionment will be 50/50 as both vessels would equally be responsible for the collision. This is liability for damage caused to the Flipper, the Willie and the private yacht. The owners of the Orca are likely to take the bulk of responsibility for their own collision as the acts of the other vessels are far too remote for them to assume responsibility, liability is likely to be apportioned at 90% to the Orca and 10% between the Flipper and Willie.

Liability of Vessels for Collisions Caused at Sea: Case Study Essay

In the given case study a dispute will arise amongst the four parties to determine the liability of each vessel for multiple collisions caused at sea. In summary, the facts are that the Flipper was crossing the Britannia Straits traffic separation purpose but was not making proper use of the crossing points. The Willie, a bulk oil carrier which was adhering to the scheme, spotted the Flipper and foresaw the risk of collision so the captain issued a series of warnings. The Flipper ignored these warnings thinking she had enough time to pass. The Willie, realising she was being ignored made a turn for starboard creating a wash which capsized the Flipper and a nearby yacht. Moments later the Orca, which was insufficiently work partyed and had faulty navigation equipment collided with the semi-submerged Flipper. The captain of the Orca refused salvage assistance thinking he could publication the ship to the port for repairs himself. However, the vessel sunk before it could reach safe ty.In this essay I am going to advise all four parties as to their likely liability for the collision and the defences and counter claims available. In doing this I will make reference to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (hereafter referred to as the collision regulations) and the common land and statute law regarding causation. By advising the parties according to these legal instruments they can determine their likely liability in court. I will start by establishing which vessels caused the collisions. It should be noted that although it was the misconduct of the crew members that led to the collision, the ship owner will still be held vicariously liable unless he can prove the acts of the crew constituted a frolic of their own, s... ... from its collision with the Flipper was still the operating cause of the sinking therefore the Flipper and the Willie must also pitch some liability.In conclusion it is likely that the courts will apportion li ability as such the Flipper and the Willie will be found 80% and 20% liable respectively. However, if it is proved that the Willie acted on scanty radar information in breach of regulation 7(c) then the likely apportionment will be 50/50 as both vessels would equally be responsible for the collision. This is liability for damage caused to the Flipper, the Willie and the private yacht. The owners of the Orca are likely to take the bulk of business for their own collision as the acts of the other vessels are far too remote for them to assume responsibility, liability is likely to be apportioned at 90% to the Orca and 10% between the Flipper and Willie.

retail staff at the Tower of London

DecisionThe Southern Cross of our undertaking was developing a new inducements program for the sell cater at the tug of capital of the United Kingdom, to hike plebeians made from the gross revenues of guidebooks, Gift Aid and of ranks to HRP. While the gross revenues and retail mental faculty were super satisfied with the operation of the current m whiztary inducements program, it had come to the notice of the Human Resources contribution that the program was non agreeable to the brotherhoods ( which the staff members were members of ) . other ground for presenting a new program, was to hike figures on gross revenues as the Tower of London direction believed that grosss in gross revenues could be higher than what was presently world achieved.The initial procedure developed by us was simple we started by run intoing with the HR manager at the Tower and understanding his vision and the end product that he expected from us. His initial desire was for us to run into with oth er HR Directors in establishments similar to that of HRP g entirelyeries, museum and the similar to derive a determine from them on what sort of inducements were used in their organisations. Surprisingly, none of the other organisations had similar programs in topographic guide which left us to introduce and come up with a program that was alone in nature.The first measure in planing this inducement program would be to place what motivates persons to execute at the Tower. Bing a sales-oriented squad, we clearly had to concentrate on doing the inducements attractive plenty to actuate employees into executing good above the.Therefore we began with speech to employees at the Tower of London and acquiring their point of position on the changing of incentive programs. To get down with, most of the junior retail staff was in reality satisfied with the current inducement program that was in topographic point, except with the operation of the strategy they complained about holds in having their inducements from HR. This aside, most staff were adamantly against any sort of alteration in this inducements dodge.The brotherhood representative in the Tower of London, who besides happened to be an admittances director, presented us with her positions on what the inducements programs should be like. From the point of the position of the brotherhood, she did hold that the current construction was non in maintaining with the Union s positions on inducements. Given this, the director is besides one of the senior directors in-charge of the retailing staff and was highly satisfied with the current system, and believed that it was working really good for the staff. Therefore, her solution to this was to was non to talk excessively a lot of the program at the Union meetings non desiring the Union to raise concerns with the Tower of London direction about the nature of inducements that were provided.The position of the above mentioned director was besides shared by othe r senior directors at the Tower. They all believed that the system was all right and were non interested in conveying any drastic alterations to the wagess processes at the current minute, unless perfectly necessary.A consequent survey of the responses of all these stakeholders was so undertaken to uncover what formed the footing for our survey. We picked up on three cardinal issues upon which our solutions for a new program were based that the staff decidedly wanted pecuniary inducements and non non-financial inducements, that the supervisors needed to acquire some signifier of inducements and that the group construction could be used to a greater advantage to actuate persons.It is best to do a pick between programs instead than show merely one program and do determinations based on that. That was what prompted our determination to plan three inducement programs, all really different from each other one based strictly on fiscal inducements, another on non-financial inducements, and eventually the 3rd one being a program which amalgamates both fiscal and non-financial inducements.To get down with, one of the obvious options was to go on with a program similar to that which the Tower of London had been following boulder clay now. The inducement program used over the last few old ages in the Tower was strictly fiscal in nature. The program included gross revenues marks for single staff members which were to be achieved in an unspecified clip period. On accomplishment of marks, staff members were awarded gift verifiers to a shop of their pick for a value of GBP 50. In line with this, the other sorts of fiscal inducements that could be offered are a hard currency inducement, gift verifiers or even paid vacations. Keeping the Tower of London in head this strategy is much better to run on for persons instead than on groups it talent turn out to be to expensive otherwise.Traveling on, we considered non-financial inducements a feasible option every bit good. Our suggestions for non-financial inducements can be more originative and ranged from presenting staff to repasts with the senior direction, holding bonus holiday hours to endow certifications, acknowledgment amongst equals and boxes of cocoas. The advantages of holding such a system are really evidently nest bollock for the company these options are decidedly much cheaper and so holding a fiscal inducement strategy. These strategies are besides easier to run for groups.Finally, we strove to make a respite between the above mentioned programs which would, most significantly satisfy all interest holders concerned.To understand and categorise the demands of persons and to place what motivates them, we used Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow had said that one time the basic physiological demands have been fulfilled, persons move onto other demands which need to be fulfilled such as the demand for self-actualization, safety demands and esteem demands. fury was besides put on group wor king and the virtues we could pull from it in planing the intercrossed inducement program. Possibly one of the restrictions of working with groups within the gross revenues squads at the Tower of London is that within the gross revenues squads at the Tower of London is that the squads are all disproportionately sized, and to further any sort of competitory affectionateness would intend that the squads should hold equal Numberss. One of the ways of screening through this issue could intend proportionally spliting group marks to counterbalance for unequal Numberss.Another ground for concentrating so strongly on groups in this instance was because we saw this as an ideal state of affairs to implement non-financial inducements for employees as these inducements would be much more valid in the context of groups instead than for persons.Finally, in footings of fulfilling all the stakeholders in the inducements plan it became obvious to us that the 3rd program the merger of fiscal and non-financial inducements was ideal. The program involves puting single gross revenues marks for the members of the retails staff and giving the work groups cumulative marks, over and above that, which will be rewarded by non-financial inducements. The program piece of music all encompassing, does show a few logistical job, the chief one being disposal for Human Resources.Motivation has therefore played a really critical function in the pick of concluding recommendation for the inducement program that we made for the Tower of London to utilize. We used the constructs of intrinsic and extrinsic originator extensively to specify persons would respond to different sorts of inducements and finally what would animate optimum public presentation from employees in the given scene at the Tower.While teasing employees, another concern that had been raised was that they were non being efficaciously communicated with when incentive programs were formulated, when any kind of alterations wer e being made, and when faced with holds in the wagess procedure ( inducements verifiers were about 3 months buttocks agenda ) . We believe that for our inducement program to be successful, free-flowing channels of communicating are necessary within the Tower of London. To accomplish this, we enclosed a handbill of exchange of a communicating program basically meant for better communicating between the senior direction at the Tower of London and the junior retail and gross revenues staff.Methodolgy pros and cons

A beauty

Talking about Charles Newman in the story Charles is a dear friend of the writer The writer views Charles as beautiful early(a) people think Charles is beautiful The beauty the writer sees in Charles is not hindered by anything he says or does Charles has soft blonde hair and blue look Charles is unmarried The thing I like least about Charlie was his way of carrying on with several women P. 56 Charles has a steady girlfriend at a time Charles has a side girlfriend Although Charles is imperfect the writer expresses still seeing the beauty in CharlesThe writer rates the Subject in a way to present the flaws of the character but also the ability to love him in spite of It. The writer expresses being close to beauty can crap one feel more(prenominal) beautiful and worthy themselves regardless of their own inherent qualities Charles was loyal to friends Charles had a way with people Charles was blessed with good looks, this make things easier for him, and his friends. Charles enjoye d the finer things, such as museums and art Its not easy to abandon the Idea that beauty can never really be skin deep, that order beauty is not only unproblematic but also somehow a sign of an essential goodness.P. 57 The writer equates beauty with wholesomeness The writer Is masculine and married The writer has no need to fear Charles beauty Charles Is slightly flawed but a person who none the less was Beautiful. Charles Is ruin able to project or relate to the people around him because his beauty does more than simply draw and quarter people to him, It puts him In situations where he Is able to understand or relate to the people around him because of It ResponseI couldnt understand why the writer chose Charles as the subject I did Identify with dismissing my loved ones flaws I also determine with dwellings some of the actions of attractive people I liked the point about, beautiful people being able to lead and teach I also liked the point about, beautiful people being more comfortable and because of It the are able to network and meet new people. I was Interested to find at the middle of the story that the writer was a man.I was also Interested by the what the writer may have meet hen he spoke of how and who Charles had unexpended his Thales,upon passing away. I liked that my feelings about the subject continued to change as the essay evolved. A beauty By lea_lactate the ability to love him in spite of it. The writer expresses being close to beauty can Its not easy to abandon the idea that beauty can never really be skin deep, that The writer is male and married Charles is slightly flawed but a person who none the less was Beautiful.Charles is does more than simply draw people to him, it puts him in situations where he is able o understand or relate to the people around him because of it I couldnt understand why the writer chose Charles as the subject I did identify with I also identified with dismissing some of the actions of attractive people I lik ed the about, beautiful people being more comfortable and because of it the are able to network and meet new people.

Keeping Your People Pumped

The article Keeping Your People Pumped by Naik discusses four in effect(p) ways incentives how to motivate employees and to create bodied sense of purpose. In modern swiftly changing business environment it is prerequisite to refer to employee motivation to brave and to succeed in highly combative environment. Therefore, the article contributes management field providing ways of performance improvement. The article is easy for understanding and reading thus, it is intended not but for professional who are aware of all business peculiarities, but also for non-professionals who are interested in becoming acquainted with new trends and tendencies in business world.The authors purpose is likely to describe the importance of tools in motivating employees. In particular, the study aims at describing the following motivational factors recognition, celebration, collective sense of purpose, balancing achievement and challenge. Naik, the author of the paper, explains why and how to mo tivate your employees. It is a matter of fact that motivated employees are needed as, it is mentioned above, business environment is swiftly hanging and empowered personnel helps organization to survive. Moreover, motivation results in enlarged productivity and higher job commitment.Employees are interested in job security, kindle work, and good working conditions. The key questions the author addresses are How to keep your pot pumped? Why motivation is claimed to be the biggest challenge? Every leader wants to increase job commitment in his employees, and the paper discusses four ways how to achieve the desired outcome. The author is very persuasive as he uses logical arguments, facts, and conclusions to play off position that motivated employees are the core of companys success. Naik argues that money shouldnt be the only motivator in the company because even in employees who claim money doesnt matter to them. Money is important for energizing people, but it is necessary to mo tivate people to invest their souls and hearts in their jobs.Naik, mainly, discusses only non-monetary tools of employee motivation. The first tool is recognition. He means that it is necessary to announce publicly to the highest degree achievements of either individual or a team. Moreover, he recommends talking about achievements at every opportunity. Personal appreciation and rewards are strong motivators. Employees work should be recognized otherwise, they will feel de-motivated and hurt. Public recognition motivates competitive team members. Naik says that recognition should be in the form of engraved doodads and should never be in money form.The second tool is celebration. The author stresses that it is important to follow together companys success and achievements because it promotes collective thinking and sense of belonging. Celebrating success is, surely, one of the most effective ways to keep people pumped. However, it is necessary to celebrate even the piddlingest vict ories to show that every victory is equally important for the company. It is a good way to increase productivity as well because small victories are new chances to congratulate employees and books their spirits to fight further. Celebrations are also recognition, though with fun involved. I agree with the author that every employee who has done a great job is wiling to hear Great job Im taking everyone to Mama Marias tonight.The third tool is very powerful and can be apply only if organization is clear with its purposes collective sense of purpose. Too often bosses arent clear about their missions, and in such situations, tool may get going to help. Naik writes that many leaders are so busy with the daily grind that their missions fall by the wayside. Collective sense of purpose suggests that employees should understand and suck up where they are going and what they are doing. Sense of purpose makes team confident about their tasks and responsibilities, what boss is waiting from them, etc.The author argues that the final tool is difficult in implementation, though it is very effective motivational tool. The author talks about the balancing achievement and challenge. He means that employees are motivated when they feel they are climbing on the top. They should see the end of their road. Leaders have to create jobs with the right push-and-pull because it increases competitiveness.The author draws relevant conclusion summing up main ideas discusses. He states that financial motivator isnt on the top of the list. In many cases, personal appreciation and recognitions play crucial role in motivating people. However, some people consider money the only motivator. Professional leader should be aware of peculiarities of his working team to choose the best suited motivational tool. For example, money rarely gravitates toward business. Therefore, leader should think firstly about money as motivator, and when income increases, they may refer to other motivational to ols.Apparent strength of the article is that the author provides real examples to change readers impression. He writes that one investment banker when being asked whether he was motivated, told that he was pleased with bonus, and he was just as excited by how it heedful up to the other top rainmakers in his firm. So, money is also effective way of keeping the score. Nevertheless, Naik says that bankers are always caring about money. Therefore, when choosing motivational tools it is necessary to consider working environment. All employees need to feel they matter, and their work means something for leaders. Summing up, open appreciation, shared goal, celebration, and personal attention are the key motivators.

Multiple Sclerosis Diseases

Multiple Sclerosis is a disease that bewilders us all.. there is no known cause. We do know that MS (multiple sclerosis) is a disease where the myelin breaks down and is replaced by scar tissue. The demyelination nooky slow down or block the flow of signals to and from the central nervous administration to the rest of the body, impairing such functions as vision, strength, and coordination. 1 While we do know what MS is we still dont know why, where and when people contract the disease.It has been proven that MS more often than non appears between the ages of twenty to forty and it strikes women at more than twice the ratio it strikes men. Statistics devote also shown that the disease strikes the middle and upper class more than the unhorse class and poor. Worldwide research shows that MS has a broad geographical distri barelyion. It has long established that MS is more prominent in colder regions and r be in tropical areas. Maine being a colder climate has shown some of the h ighest rates of MS. 2 There is evidence of a slight increase in MS among front end degree relativesparents, siblings, and children.It is also suspected that the same family members may inherent a genetic faculty to MS. While it is possible to inherit a genetic susceptibility to MS, it is not possible to inherit the disease. And even people who have all the necessary genes dont necessarily get MS. The disease, experts believe, must be triggered by environmental factors. So MS is not considered a hereditary disease. 3 Until the definite cause of Ms is proved the interposition cannot be truly scientific. But there are interpositions that are effective in dealing with symptoms.For instance, there are the common sense treatments that everyone, with or without an illness, should treat themselves with, which are A healthy diet, exercise, sufficient tot up of rest and to live your life as you would normally. There are also lots of drugs that treat umteen of the different symptoms. Si nce there are so many symptoms and treatments, I will only list a few Treatments that increase the blood flow, that decrease blood clotting, treatments for chemical eccess or deficiency, treatments to prevent infection and treatments for the resistive system. Treatment and rehabilitation have also been joined together.Weakness is one of the major symptoms of Ms and can be enured with physical therapy and streng consequentlying exercises. one of the opera hat exercises for reducing weakness in the limbs is hydrotherapy. Hydrotherapy is done in the water. Hydrotherapy exercises use the benefits of buoyancy. Another way to eliminate weakness is to stay gain a weak limb. Overall, by recognizing limits and using common sense, weakness can be greatly diminished. 4 Spasticity, another MS symptom, is almost effectively treated with physical therapy. Cold is an excellent temporary measure for relaxing the spastic limb.Hydrotherapy is, again, the most effective exercise for relief, comb ining stretching and cool temperatures. There are also many medications for spasticity, such as Baclofen, Dantrollene, and Diazepam. Relaxation techniques such as yoga, transcendental meditation, biofeedback, have been successful with spasticity as well. 5 Some MS patients might have mild to sever balance trouble. In mild cases, the person can learn how to compensate easily by standing and paseo with a little wider base and taking short steps rather than long strides.When balance trouble is a little more fearsome, a four-pronged cane, crutches or a walker may be necessary. Someone with MS could have visual problems. The problem varies from decreased acuity, blurred or cloudy vision, and double vision. The treatment depends on the stage of the problem. If it is a new part of an attack, visual loss responds to steroids. If it is a persistent problem, glasses or special lenses might be the best treatment. 7 Bladder problems are unfortunately not uncommon with MS. The most common are frequency and urgency. There are three good medications that less(prenominal)en symptoms when they are present for more than a week or two Pro-Banthine, Ditropan and Tofranil.Iif bladder problems do not respond to medication, a complete bladder readiness problem may be prescribed. 7 The treatments and medications used ten years ago are still effective and still being used but there are medical breakthroughs being announced regularly. In October of 1994, there was a medical breakthrough. Researchers found out that an anticancer drug stops the most crippling form of MS. The drug is Cladribine and the results are dramatic. A study was done on 49 patients with progressive chronic MS, which effects about 53,000 Americans and is the most severe form of MS.Half of the patients were given the drug and the other half were given a placebo. For the patients that were given Cladribine the spread of MS stopped for all patients and some improved. Their legs no longer shook and they no longer ne eded canes or braces. Dr. Ernest Beutler stated Its the only agent that has clearly been shown to stop the progression of the disease. 8 Another treatment that is not new or a medical breakthrough but is very effective and gaining popularity with MS patients is Apitherapy, which is the scientific name for the bee venom that is used by MS patients.Doctors arent exactly sure why the bee venom is effective. They know that the venom contains two powerful anti-inflammatory agents, melittin and adolapin which appear to fight the neural sheath ignition itself. One women with MS is quoted afterwards two months of bee venom treatments My hearing was totally back and I was out of the wheelchair and walking with a cane. Another framework was a young women who had bladder problems. After her venom treatments she hasnt wet the bed since she first contracted MS.Others have noticed more balance, more energy and less numbness in there legs and feet. Overall, whether its medication, exercise, reha bilitation, the most important factor in the treatment of this disease is to have a positive attitude, hope for the future, and a trust to live your life as you normally would from day to day. Socially MS can be just as difficult to fight as it is physically. Dating, union, children, careers, parents and friends can be difficult barriers emotionally. dating is hard for anyone regardless of sex, age, appearance or status in life. if your MS has visual symptoms that are apparent to others. its best to be open right away.You should go about this in whatever way is most comfortable to you. for people with mild or invisible MS, disclosure to a dating can and probably should wait. Like any other person some relationships work out and some dont . The best advice is to date, explore new relationships and dont be afraid to fall in love. 2 MS will have an impact on your marriage. Management of Ms requires exertion and understanding. When your MS is in remittal there may be no problem to f ace.When youre in a new attack, your mate need to take over shopping, cooking, mowing, and caring for the children if any. the most patience and understandings comes to anned when a person with MS becomes disabled. this is the real test of love for most couples. this is when you should really take notice of what kind of problems you had before. Dont expect your partner to feel guilty. if the marriage was meant to work it will work. If you have MS your children have probably already figured out that something is wrong before you tell them. The best approach is to be honest with your children. with each knew attack there needs to be communication.Parents with MS should watch their children for any emotional difficulties they may be having. Keeping your friends should not be a problem. Good reins stick by your side through everything. Your friends should feel comfortable with you just as you should feel comfortable with them. With making new friends it should be just the same as you ma de them before. You should eventually tell them about MS but it can wait until both feel comfortable with public lecture about it. More often it is harder for someone with MS just to hang on to a job. unfortunately it has little to do with their ability and more to do with discrimination.But today there are laws and regulations so Know one with any disability should be fired or feel thy have to quit. 2 Job hunting with Ms is a whole different issue. if you have viable symptoms, you are going to have to address your situation up front . If you have an interview you may want to be up front about it on the phone. The main thing is if you feel comfortable with yourself others will to. You should constantly emphasize that you are a hard role player. And be aware of discrimination because it happens all the time and it is illegal. Overall i personally believe that Ms should not get in the way of your social life.If you have a good personality you should be able to make friends and if y ou are a hard worker there is no reason why you should not be able to work. A positive way of thinking will definitely get you on your way. After MS patients have dealt with physical therapy, doctors, treatments and medications you may ask yourself where would therapeutic recreation come into the picture? The answer to that would depend on the person and what graphic symbol of lifestyle and goals they had for themselves. todays society is pushing everyone to physically and emotionally fit with activities such as mountain biking, swimming skiing, and walking.The reason these and many other activates are so popular is because its fun, its a by-line, receives stress and its exercise whereas riding a stationary bike is exercise but you dont hear to many people say its their hobby or its a fun pastime. TR(therapeutic recreation) come into place with people with MS and other mental and physical disabilities because their is a need for them to fulfill their goals and expectations like ev eryone else. Since they have a special need a TR program or specialist can help them fulfill that need. People with MS should have the maximum confederacy with the fewest adaptations.Just like any other part of their life style they should develop a leisure lifestyle that is normal a possible. I think it is important for Ms patients to choose their own activates and set their own goals, within reason. Lastly, I feel sensitive to anyone that contracts a disease, such as AIDS, or cancer. Its an awful thing if someone was an IV drug user and than they contacted the Aids Virus or if some one smoked for thirty years and they were diagnosed with lung cancer. I think one of the hardest things about Ms is that you can be healthy or not healthy know one in your family could have it and then one day you show symptoms.Physiologically Yes that would be a difficult thing to deal with. But it is a disease that is striking millions of people and after doing research I believe the positive attitud e and to go on with your normal way of living is the best psychological cure. It doesnt stop you from living, having a job, a family, hobbies, or friends. Overall when they say MS is a mystery disease i would have to agree. I think there is definite hope for a cure for the future. We have medical breakthroughs and have several clues to the disease.

Site visit report

Visiting theatre is forever exciting and interesting. It gives a lot of new education and new expressions. In order to be organized swell up enough any cultural site must be created as well-developed, complex structure with its wholly(prenominal) branch accomplishing its own functions.The august motor inn star sign is one of the most famous theatres all over the world. The newest high quality performances take place in this theatre. These plays are always interesting and exciting and always refer to the eternal problems of humanity.This theatre is famous by its demonstrable works using the works of writers not only from UK but from all over the world. heritable York Times referred this theatre as the most important theatre in Europe. But it would be helpful not to forget that besides creation the place of art it is also a public place. So, what purple Court Theatre is and what its facilities are?First of all it is necessary to pay special tutelage to the Web-site of the Royal Court Theatre. Its a great web-place which differs from thousands of otherwise cultural places web-pages by its original design and convenient guide system. Would like to distinguish such sub-page of this site as Visiting. Very useful and in-time information is given t here(predicate). The complete theatre address is given. The potential visitant shadow get here the detailed information regarding how to get to the theatre. The authorities have taken into consideration all the particularities and details.For example, such announcement as (Royal Court Theatre web-site, 2006) Please furrow that the station itself is not accessible for wheelchair users (n. p.) it testifies the high level of the theatre services. The detailed information about place all around theatres territorial dominion is given. For example it is submitted that the theatre has no car park but the information about the nearest parking is given. It is said that there is on street parking after 6.30pm. Each can also get the most convenient route how to get to the theatre. All the bus and subway routes are presented by the web-site.The narrative of the theatre in its not too long but very interesting version is also present on the web-site. From this information one can understand easily the very concept of the theatre performances and then to choose a play for visiting (their announcement is given on the main page).The other interesting thing Bar a special sub-page in which the visitor can get known about the eating facilities of the theatre(Royal Court Theatre web-site, 2006) The Royal Courts BAR AND FOOD facilities occupy the nineteenth century auditorium pit, the original vaults under the pavement and a completely new spacious hall built underneath Sloane Square (n. p.). The schedule of coffee intervals is given. In the very bottom of the page it is pointed out Service is not included. So, a visitor gets intact information till the visiting theatre- thats a very strong point in favour of the theatre.Special page for students is also created on this web-site with full description of full students events and so on. At first glance, the design and structure if the web-site is very simple but each sub-page contains other pages with very detailed information on each of them. For example, students page has such sub-pages as Student events, Join hype, Bar and food.It can be said that the Royal Court Theatre is a bright example of a well developed cultural structure. In order to analyze its functions efficiently it will be helpful to do that tread by step. First among those is the advertising of the place. Once we got out from the bus in London we already saw a rather big billboard with the Royal Court Theatre advertising. So, from the very beginning of our visit to London we already knew that such theatre can be visited by us in this city. Thats a very big point in favor of this establishment.While traveling all over the city other advertisings of the theatre ha ve been storied by us as well. And in Sloane Square the booklets with the theatres advertising were distributed. In those leaflets the short information about theatres history and actual exhibitions was submitted. All these additional means of advertising were arranged professionally. Besides, there always exists some other kind of advertising it is so called verbal advertising from the separate pf people who have already visited the theatre. In other cultural sites which we visited in London many people gave us good calls on the Royal Court Theatre.So, if to estimate the advertising activities of the theatre by the scale of 10, it can be estimated as 10 points and thats completely justified.The second point to be estimated is the visitor management. This activities start to be estimated when a visitor is in the theatre already. The staff of the theatre is composed by professional people and that can be noted as soon as one gets privileged. Both external and internal design of th e theatre can compete with the most beautiful theatres of the world. When getting inside a beautiful hall arranged in somewhat old fashion with high walls and spacious upper side involves visitors into the atmosphere of theatre mystic.Marvellous cut windows enhance even more beauty to the theatre premise. Special premises for coffee brakes, toilets are situated in such manner that they do not distract visitors attention from the principle theatre attributes.Regarding the interpretation of the performances it can said that the authors presentation never can be correct for all visitors as each of them has his own opinion. Nevertheless, the performance of the two plays I was present on impressed me and I was agree with the authors vision. Whats more, I even have changed my seeing of certain problems after seeing plays. This fact testifies the high professional level of the theatre plays.

The exploration of the human nature, of the mind and of experience, forms the basis for the works of writers like John Donne or Jonathan Swift

The exploration of the human nature, of the mind and of experience, variates the basis for the works of writers like John Donne or Jonathan sprightly. Swift fully utilizes the psychological pragmatism as he tries to be as faithful to the nature of human mind as he c one timeives it to be, while Donne injects drama and passion into the lyrical wee-wee and enlivens the poem through the speakers voice. Throughout his poems, John Donne considers his own character, expresses emotions, and searches for a place in a society as well as for salvation.The reader is refer in the drama between the speaker and the blank audience and the use of conceits and paradoxes aid in establishing the change and turmoil within the speaker or the poet. As John Cargony writes in his essay, this dramatic mode makes the poems intense, but temporary, like masks or costumes. Thus, Donne can be theatrical, switch roles, expose patterns and ultimately, express divergent states of mind, to dramatize the laten t for contraries within himself. (Carey, xxv) Similarly, Jonathan Swift in his work Gullivers Travels, utilizes Gullivers narrative voice as a means of characterizing his person but the nonion that the protagonist is also an target of Swifts satire makes the reader aware of the perhaps unreliable nature of the narrator. Thus, in their works, both Donne and Swift trace the path of conciousness and the work of the mind and ultimately entrust commentary on broad matters such as religion (Donne) or society and politics(Swift). John Donnes sonnet 5, reflects the mode of dramtic realism in its exposition of the speakers thought process and change.The speaker confronts a strong fear of sin and punishment with a plea to be forgiven or cleansed, either by water or by fire. He recognizes himself as a microcosam but also perhaps fears that these elements or substances that we are built of and which are combined with spirituality or soul- sweet-flavored sprite will die and be condemned, as expressed in both parts essential die. The speaker consequently calls for heavenly seas, new seas to sweep over him or at least to wash his world-himself, which if looked through Christian symbolism can indicate his desire to be cleansed or purged from black sin.Moreover, the structure of the poem also conveys the idea of psychological realism and of dramatic mode in that the change happens in line 10. Donne does follow the Petrarchan sonnet style in that the change occurs in last 6 lines but instead of it happening in the 9th line he chooses to place it in the next line. The phrase, that signifies the change, But oh it must be burnt represents a sharp change because the images of tears and water are replaced by fire imagery. The flames, fiery zeal and burning evoke a more than dark state of mind and the final realization that the however way toward salvation is by Lords fire.Thus, this disruption, both in imagery and the poems structure, mutual to his style, reflects the tho ught in process as well as perhaps, Donnes rejection of the form and the accepted. Just as the speaker finds the washing and tears insufficient, Donne perhaps finds the Petrarchan sonnet form insufficient to express his flow of thoughts and emotions. As discussed in class, it is a poetic trick, a peculiar combination of playfulness and artificiality in a passionate cry. The poet thus, does more than just tell, he shows.Gullivers Travels appears to be a ship doctors account of his voyages into strange places, but it is actually a criticism of the human race. Book 4 reveals the inhumane and brutal view of humanity through the depiction of Yahoos, the servants of a race of horses, called Houyhnhnms who are characterized with Reason. The psychological realism is conveyed primarily though the narrator and the protagonist, Gulliver. For the readers, he is the only source of information and as no contradictory observation are offered, at first it is difficult for the reader to choose a p articular attitude.Although the goal and Gullivers choice of lifestyle may appear ridiculous or on verge of insanity, it is still moving and effective. Gulliver, has underg peerless a transformation from a proud Englishmen to a man ashamed of the entire species to which he belongs. This shame that he finds is the shame that the reader can clearly see. The ridiculisy behind war, the concepts of greed and envy, the exposition of lawyers, it is all relatable. withal the dramatic or psychological component exists in Gullivers narrative that ultimately reveals the unreliability and irony of his character.As a traveled, adventurous man of experience one expects him to be open minded but in the end, by his stern refutation of all humanity, the reader can realize that he is far from a creature of reason, (that he perhaps believes himself to be) and instead he tends to judge and adapt through identification with a group, much like the majority of human beings. Perhaps, then such detail tha t Swift adds such as the room where Gulliver sleeps is actually halfway between the Yahoos and the Houyhnhnms, and this can then be seen as the position nigh of us find ourselves in, between pure reason and pure emotion or between stoicism and eupicurenism.Then the character like Captain Mendez also represents this balance and contradicts Gullivers perhaps over bitter, generalization of humanity. This depiction also offers the reader an excuse to identify with the better more positive side of human nature. However, Swift continues to show the bitterness and contrast between the Yahoos and Houyhnhms. The filtiness of the Yahoos their diet is contrasted to the Houyhnhnm cleanliness and simple diet.Gulliver cannot live on the repetitive but healthy diet of the Houyhnhnms, and this is perhaps Swifts way of once again pointing at further human barbarism. But at the same time it can be argued that Houyhnhnms are also an ironic device and not an ideal. Their language is limited, they use and exploit Yahoos as servants and they cannot even mourn their dead. In addition, Gullivers hate for the Yahoos should not be taken at face value(like much of his narrative) because the Yahoos, too, are exaggerations. Just as life of pure reason is inadequate so is the life of pure emotion.Moreover, in the last chapters, Gullivers behaviour and acts such as purchase the stallions and talking to them for hours in the language of Houyhnhnms, or making his wife seat at the far end of the table, are illogical and bizarre. Thus, all the experience he has gone through and the possible understanding, can not be taken very seriously because the narrator who tells us the report lacks critical judgement in a sense that he fails to see his own inconsistencies and flows. This is what makes the novel a satirical one, because as discussed in class, Swift has created a gap between the story itself and the voice telling the story.It is in the place of this gap that the reader enters and needs to make an evaluation. Despite his desire for privacy and the guarding of his poems, Donne appears concerned to involve the reader into the look into and surprising thought process that also perhaps reflects the uncertainty, passion and discovery of the Renaissance period. Thus, both Swifts use of narrative voice and Donnes dramatic mode turn out the effect of engaging the reader into the work and provoking his judgement. It is through this collaboration that the meaning is generated.

Second Language Aquisition

Second manner of speaking Acquisition What is Second Langu get on with Acquisition? In befriend words breeding, wrangle plays an institutional and social subprogram in the friendship. It functions as a recognized means of communication among members who speak close to otherwise style as their essential tongue. In foreign speak verbiage learning, wording plays no study role in the community and is to begin with acquire in the classroom. The trenchantion mingled with split back up and foreign wording learning is what is closely-educated and how it is learned. mis adjourn 2 reading a second manner of speaking requires 1. formal address instruction in an schoolman setting 2. nteractions with the second run-in outside of the classroom 3. pedagogical practices, strategies and methodologies which press forward second diction learning (how) and 4. learn the four lingual communication skills comprehend, speaking, reading, writing along with acquaintance a nd thinking (what). chute 3 The discover of second style achievement involves 1. how second speech communications be learned ( the groom) 2. how scholarly persons create a new wording corpse with limited exposure (interactions) 3. oral communication progression levels (competence and performance of the terminology) and 4. hy some apprentices achieve native-like proficiency. How Do Learners see a Second nomenclature? Learners acquire a second language by making give of existing intimacy of the native language, general learning strategies, or universal properties of language to internalize hit the hayledge of the second language. These processes serve as a means by which the scholar constructs an interlanguage (a transitional dust reflecting the disciples current L2 noesis). Communication strategies atomic number 18 employed by the bookman to make social function of existing knowledge to cope with communication difficulties. microscope slide 4 Learners acqui re a second language by drawing on their background experiences and prior knowledge in their freshman language. They experiment with the second language by apply features embed in their first language which argon similar to those in the second language. This dependence on the first language serves to help the bookman construct an interlanguage, a transitional clay consisting of the learners current second language knowledge. Communication strategies help the learners drop what they already know to overcome breakd suffers in communication. cut 5Individual differences affect second language scholarship. These differences may be developingal, cognitive, affective or social. There be factors that are fixed which we whoremasternot control such as age and language learning aptitude. There are some versatile factors such as motivation which are controlled by social setting and the course taken for developing the second language. Teachers unavoidableness to know that variable f actors are controlled through the learning milieu, by knowing their students cognitive styles, their learning preferences, how they teach, and what they teach.Slide 6 There are umteen varied types of learner strategies which teachers need to be aware of in align to watch the strategies children work with them and how they learn best. diction learners may need to be taught strategies for relating new knowledge to prior knowledge, for organizing culture much effectively and for seeking opportunities for communicating with fall guy language speakers. Slide 7 Researchers identified a inseparable order of strategies for developing a second language.The order of teaching starts with the truly simple imitation of a word or language structure, to self-talk, to self- purifying, and to role-playing. An awareness of this natural order provide help teachers of second language learners plan lessons to facilitate language learning and increase the learners self-esteem and self-confi dence. Slide 8 There are several theories of second language acquisition which have provided information on how second languages are learned. The Universalists examine a wide-range of languages to find out how languages vary and what makes them vary.They looked at language patterns, language universals (features of language which are popular across many languages) as rise as other properties of language. Slide 9 Universalists as well as pleaded that language is acquired through innateness (nature) and that certain conditions get off the phylogeny of language (nurture). The search for substance is innate. Activities and instructional materials need to be presented in a meaningful, relevant and interesting manner in order to allow students to make language learning connections. Slide 10Behaviorists claimed that learners learn by undergoing training and practice through a serial publication of stimulus and reaction chains and operant conditioning. The environs provides the sti mulus and the learner provides the response. According to the Behaviorist theory, musical accompaniment motivates the formation of a language function. Behaviorist hypothesis (Continued) Theory When the learner learns a language, this learning includes a set of stimulusresponse-reward (S-R-R) chains. Imitation provides the learner with a repertoire of appropriate, productive responses.The learner learns to imitate or come close the productive responses provided by the environment. The characteristics of serviceman and non- gentleman learners include the ability to 1. 2. 3. 4. respond to stimuli in a certain counseling intuitively evaluate the reward potential of responses extract the significant parameters that do up the stimulus response (positive reward chains) and generalize these parameters to similar situations to form classes of S-R-R chains. Slide 11 Language learning requires effort and practice.Behaviorists pull ahead claimed that learners imitate or approximate p roductive responses. For instance, learning how to write is not universal across cultures because some cultures do not have a history of written language, therefore learning how to write involves a conscious effort and specific training, as well as a go awayingness to learn by effort and error. Responding to stimuli in this instance is critical in order for writing to take place. Slide 12 Nativists claimed that language learning is biologically set.Each person is born with an innate ability to learn language. The basic innate language learning capacities are referred to as the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). This view asserts that the environment only serves to trigger the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which determines what children acquire. Children acquire much of their language ability before coming to school, therefrom supporting the innate structures argument. Nativist Theory (Continued) 1. 2. 3. the ability to distinguish speech sounds from other sounds in the enviro nment TheoryMcNeill (1966) described the LAD as consisting of four innate lingual properties the ability to organize linguistic events into conglomerate classes that gouge be refined later knowledge that only a certain kind of linguistic system is possible and that other kinds are not and the ability to engage in constant evaluation of the developing linguistic system in order to construct the simplest possible system out of the linguistic data that are encountered. 4. Nativists have contributed to the discoveries of how the system of child language works.Theorists such as Chomsky, McNeill, and others helped us understand that a childs language, at any given point, is a legitimate system in its protest right. Slide 13 The Nativists also con take to the woods that learners actively construct grammar for themselves by actively listening to the language around them and trying to determine the patterns in the utterances. Learners progress through language in foreseeable stages. Th e learner will not respond to error correction if he/she is not developmentally ready. Slide 14 Cognitivists claimed that the conditions for learning language are the same conditions that are undeniable for any kind of learning.They believed that human beings have the capacity for developing logical thinking. Acquiring knowledge is a cognitive process which involves robotic affect (rountinzed) and controlled (temporary) learning. Cognitivist Theory (Continued) Language Learning as a cognitive Process 1. 2. Theory Learning a language involves internal prototypes that regulate and guide performance. Automatic processing activates certain nodes in remembering when appropriate commentary is present. Activation is a learned response. Memory is a large collection of nodes. Controlled processing is not a learned response.It is a temporary activation of nodes in a sequence. Skills are learned and routinized only after the earlier use of controlled processes have been utilise. Learner strategies contain some(prenominal) declarative knowledge i. e. knowing the what of the language-internalized rules and memorized chunks of language, and procedural knowledge i. e. know the how of the language system to employ strategies. 3. 4. 5. 6. Slide 15 The Cognitive theory underscores the fact that the learner work outs an innate mental capacity to the learning task. He/she also brings perceptions of relationships amongst what he knows and what he/she needs to know.Learner strategies are used for learning the rules of a language and how to use the language for varied audiences and purposes. Theories of Second Language Acquisition (Continued Social Interactionist Theory supports the view that the development of language comes from the archean interactions between infants and caregivers. Social interactionists stress Theory the brilliance of a childs interactions with parents and other caregivers the importance of motherese contributions of context and world knowledge an d the importance of goalsGlew (1998) claims that learners have to be pushed in their negotiation of meaning to give away comprehensible output. The classroom context needs to provide adequate opportunities for target language use to allow learners to develop competence in the target language. Slide 16 Social interactionists believe that human language emerged from the social role that language plays in human interactions. They further believed that the environment plays a spot role and that adults in the childs linguistic environment are instrumental in language acquisition.Language learners need many opportunities for using the target language in order to develop competence. Slide 17 Social interaction is the key to language processing. Input from the social interactions provides a model for negotiation opportunities. Vygotsky (1978) believed that learners bring 2 levels of development to the learning an actual developmental level and a potential developmental level. These both levels are referred to as the Zone of Proximal Development. Learners flush toilet move from actual development to proximal development through social interactions with others. Slide 18Krashen proposed five hypotheses for second language acquisition. He explored the notion that acquisition is different from learning because one takes place in a natural environment while the other takes place in an academic setting. He further claimed that we learn language in a foreseeable order. Some language structures are learned earlier than others. The monitor is the self-correcting mechanism that learners use to edit what they state before they speak or write. The learner can overuse the monitor and stifle communication. Slide 19 Krashen proposed that when learners are provided with comprehensible stimulation they acquire more.When the learners affective filter is up, this means that information is not dieing the learner. This may be because of fear, anxiety or low selfconfidence in langua ge learning. The lofty situation is for the filter to be down so that the language acquisition device can gravel the gossip necessary for language acquisition. Cummins Second Language Framework Cummins makes a distinction between social language and academic language. 1. Social language refers to the everyday conversational language which is supported by the use of illustrations, realia, demonstrations, etc. Context Embedded). Studies assign that language learners acquire social language in most deuce years. Social language deals with the here-and-now language, therefore second language learners tend to acquire it faster. 2. Academic language is the language of school tasks which is more abstract and decontextualized (Context Reduced). Some second language learners who develop fluent spoken side of meat have difficulties in reading and writing because they may be at different levels of proficiency while they are moving from social language (BICS) to academic language (CALP).It takes between five to vii years for second language learners to acquire academic language. Slide 20 James Cummins developed a framework for second language acquisition that involves the identification of both social and academic languages. The basic interpersonal communication skills are acquired from everyday use of the language and are supported by cues in the environment (context-embedded). The cognitive academic language proficiency is more abstract language which is not supported by environmental cues (context-reduced).Slides 21-22 Context-embedded tasks are for the most part cognitively undemanding because learners are able to depend on cues for assistance. There are some tasks that are context-embedded, more complex and impose cognitive demands. The learners in these situations can still rely on environmental cues for help. Slides 23-24 Context-reduced tasks can be both cognitively undemanding and cognitively demanding as well. Cognitively undemanding tasks are simple to ca rry out but do not contain environmental cues i. e. reading for personal purposes.Cognitively demanding, context-reduced tasks are more abstract and decontextualized. Slides 25-26 The agents of communicatory competence include 1) grammatical competence which is knowing the structure of the language 2) sociolinguistic competence which involves the use of the language for different audiences, purposes and norms of communication 3) discourse competence which includes combing and connecting utterances both spoken and written and 4) strategic competence which involves using language to assure communication goals. Slide 27Competence is the underlying knowledge which is the mental representation of linguistic rules. This knowledge is nonobservable because it is internal. Performance is the overtly observable employment of competence (comprehension and production of language). Slide 28 The three general principles of language learning include 1) the law of exercise-active and repeated re sponses to stimuli (practice) 2) the law of effect-reinforcing learner responses (providing straightaway corrective feedback) and 3) the principle of shaping-learning language through learning chunks (bit-bybit).Slide 29 These principles operate under the assumption that language learning is the formation of habit. The learners automatic responses were prompted by stimuli. Interesting and motivating stimuli turns responses into automatic, routinized learning. The level of fuss required to learn a second language depends on the amount of time it takes to learn a second language pattern. The time from which controlled responses (short-term) turn into automatic responses (long-term) is dependent on learner differences, learning conditions, and teaching pedagogy. Input and InteractionL2 acquisition can only take place when the learner has access to input in the second language. This input may come in written or spoken form. Spoken input comes in face-to-face interactions. Non-reciproca l discourse includes listening to the radio or watching a film. Behaviorists claim that presenting learners with input in the right doses and then(prenominal) reinforcing their attempts to practice them can control the process of acquisition. Chomsky pointed out that in many cases there was a very poor match between the kind of language found in the input that learners received and the kind of language they themselves produced.Comprehensible input (Krashens, 1985 Input Hypothesis) proposed that learners acquire morphological features in a natural order as a result of comprehending input addressed to them. Long (1981a) argued that input which is made comprehensible by means of the conversational adjustments that occur when there is a comprehension problem is in particular important for acquisition. Swain (1985) proposed the comprehensible output hypothesis which states that learners need opportunities for pushed output in speech or writing that makes demands on them for correct and appropriate use of the L2.Slide 30 Input and interaction are very important factors in second language acquisition. Second language acquisition can only take place when the learner has access to input in the target language. Teachers can provide comprehensible input in their instructional delivery coupled with opportunities for interactions. Adjustments are made in order to facilitate the comprehension of messages. Just as important is comprehensible output. Learners need to be given opportunities to produce spoken or written discourse which forces them to use correct and appropriate use of the second language.The Role of the Native Language in Second Language Acquisition Language Trans fer The role of native language in second language acquisition has come to be known as language off. It has been assumed that in a second language learning situation learners rely extensively on their native language. According to Lado (1957) individuals tend to reposition forms and meanings, the distribution of the forms and meanings of their native language and culture to the foreign language and culture.This transfer is productive when the learner attempts to speak the language. This transfer is clear when the learner attempts to grasp and understand the language and culture as salutary by native speakers. Lados work and much of the work of that time (1950s) was based on the need to produce pedagogically relevant materials. A contrastive analysis of the native language and the target language was conducted in order to determine similarities and differences in the languages. Slide 31 The first language has a distinct role in second language acquisition.When language learners have a strong linguistic and communicative foundation in their native language, then the process of second language acquisition involves language transfer. Learners transfer forms and meanings as they attempt to speak or write the second language. air takes on a receptive role when the learners lis ten to native speakers of the language and try to understand what is being said. Similarities in the dickens languages are transferred positively (language facilitation), while differences cause a nonproductive transfer (language interference). Framework for Explaining L1 Transfer Language Trans ferThe L1 system is used for both comprehension and production. The interlanguage system is also used in comprehending and receiving messages. The L1 system is used in hypothesis construction responsible for interlanguage development. Comprehensible input serves as a major source of information for hypothesis construction. L2 output may be used for hypothesis construction. Slide 32 Language learners rely on their first language to produce language and to comprehend it. Hypotheses construction of language comes when learners manipulate and test language forms to further their interlanguage, the stages of development between L1 and L2.The second language output helps the learner test hypothes es of how language works and helps them construct new ones. Teachers provide comprehensible input in order to help learners acquire information for hypotheses construction. Slide 33 Language transfer is a cognitive process which involves the strategic use of the first language in learning the second language. The flexible thinking that occurs in the learners mind is representative of the interconnectedness between the devil languages. Bi-cognitive thinking occurs spontaneously and with peachy ease.Learners think in their first language, transfer that thinking into the second language and then produce the utterances that meet the communication situation. There is a distinction between transfer undergo for communication purposes and transfer experienced for second language learning. First language transfer helps the learner receive and produce messages for communication purposes. Transfer in learning situations happens when the learner uses the first language to formulate hypothese s about second language rules. Language Language Transfer Trans ferWhere the two languages were identical, learning could take place through positive transfer to the native-language pattern. Where the two languages were different, learning difficulty arose and errors occurred resulting from negative transfer. Chomsky (1959) set in motion a re-evaluation of many of the behaviorists claims. This re-evaluation included playing field such as the dangers of extrapolating from laboratory studies of animal behavior to the language behavior of humans were pointed out 2. the name stimulus and response were exposed as vacuous where language behavior was concerned 3. nalogy could not cipher for the language users ability to generate totally novel utterances and 4. studies of children acquiring their L1 showed that parents rarely right their childrens linguistic errors, thus casting doubt on the importance of reinforcement in language learning. All this led to the reconsideration of the rol e of L1 in L2 learning. 1. Slide 34 When language features in the two languages are similar, positive transfer from the first language to the second language occurs. When language features in the two languages are different, learning difficulties and errors happen.This transfer process made it evident to researchers that the native language definitely plays a major role in second language acquisition. The Nature of the Interlanguage Continuum Cognitive theories of interlanguage claim that with the assistance of learning strategies, learners build mental grammars of the second language. Learners draw on the rules they have constructed to interpret and produce utterances. Learners utterances are only erroneous with reference to the target language norms, not to the norms of their own grammars.The interlanguage continuum consists of a series of overlapping grammars. Each share some rules with the previously constructed grammar, but also contains some new or revised rules. A rule has th e status of a hypothesis. Slide 35 The implication of the interlanguage continuum for teachers is that with assistance from learning strategies, learners are able to build mental grammars (rules) of the second language. The continuum represents different interlanguage stages (overlapping grammars) that the learners go through to use the rules they have learned to interpret and produce speech.Rules are separate hypotheses because the learner tests certain language rules in his/her development. Selinkers Interlanguage Theory Selinkers Interlanguage Theory maintains the separateness of a second language learners system and gives the system a structurally ordinary status between the native and target languages. According to Selinker, second language learners are producing their own self-contained linguistic system. The system is not a native language or target language system, rather it falls between the two.Stages of Interlanguage Development include 1) random errors (presystematic) 2) experimentation and inaccurate pellet 3) emergent-growing in consistency in linguistic production 4) backsliding-appears to have grasped but later regressed and unable to correct errors 5) systematic stage-ability to correct errors on their own rules may not be well-formed but boast more internal self-consistency 6) stabilization-few errors are made, have mastered the system to the point of fluency and 7) intralingual-inconsistencies within the target language Global errors-affect meaninglocal errors-close similarities in word form (i. . spelling). Interlanguage Continuum Interlanguage Stages L1 L2 ______/____/______/____/_______/_____/___/_____/_____/______ Basilang Mesolang Acrolang Slide 36 Each of the stages of the interlanguage continuum represents each grammar that the learner builds which represents more complexity as he/she moves on the continuum. Second language learners begin in their first language and as teachers provide the formal and free second language instruct ion, learners move forward in their development.When learners encounter difficulties in any of their interlanguage stages, they can fossilize (learning stops at some given point) or they may experience backsliding (regression). The continuum can be related to language learner categories used for divulgeing bilingual/ESL students. Basilang is equivalent to the beginner mesolang is the category of an intermediate learner and acrolang is the category for the advanced learner. Slide 37The identification of errors that language learners make is important in order to understand the source of errors and the corrective measures teachers can offer. Errors happen when learners lack knowledge of second language rules, while mistakes occur when learners are unable to perform their competence (underlying knowledge that is non-observable). Overt errors are deviations in form and covert errors are those that are well-formed but do not communicate what the learner intended. Learner Errors Error An alysis is used for examining errors as a way of investigating learning processes.Much of the first work on learner errors focused on the extent to which L2 acquisition was the result of L1 transfer or creative construction (construction of unique rules similar to those which children form in the course of acquiring the native language). The bearing of errors that mirrored L1 structures was taken as evidence of transfer (interlingual), while those errors similar to those observed in L1 acquisition were indicative of creative construction (intralingual). The study of learner errors showed that although many errors were caused by transferring L1 habits, many more were not.It was found that learners went through stages of acquisition and the nature of errors varied according to their level of development. Error analysis could not show when learners resorted to avoidance and it ignored what learners could do correctly. Slide 38 For teachers of English language learners, it is important to understand the role of errors in second language learning. Error analysis is important because it gives us the opportunity to examine learner errors and determine if errors are a consequence of first language interference or not.Implications for teachers come in planning instruction that addresses patterns in errors made by students experiencing language interference, grouping practices to target the identified errors, and instructional methodologies and strategies for helping learners overcome some of their errors. Slide 39 Errors made by a language learner can give teachers insight as to how much knowledge the learner has in the second language. They are a means of diagnosing progress or lack of progress in second language development.Errors are to be seen as part of a process of second language acquisition not just as the result of imperfect learning. Slide 40 Errors are systematic and will occur until the language learner recognizes them and corrects them. If communication is clear, even when learners produce errors such as no want then the error is in the language structure and not in the learners system (interlanguage). Slide 41 Contrastive analysis helps teachers understand potential errors language learners make. This understanding will allow teachers to identify what needs to be learned and what is already in the learners system.What needs to be learned will be the focus of instruction and what is already learned will be the knowledge the learner brings to the learning situations. The pedagogical materials that resulted from contrastive analysis were based on the claim that language is a habit language learning involves the establishment of a new set of habits the native language interferes with the reception and production of a second language and accounting for errors involves considering differences between the first and the second languages.The greater the differences the more errors will occur and difficulty and ease in learning a second langu age are determined by differences and similarities between the two languages in contrast. Slide 42 Thomas and Collier (1997), proposed the Prism sticker of Language Acquisition for School. This model includes first and second language cognitive development, academic development, language development as well as social and cultural processes. Slide 43 The cognitive development component is a subconscious process that is developmental. Thought processes are built through interactions.It is critical that cognitive development take place in the first language so that the foundation is strong and positive transfer of skills and concepts occurs. Slide 44 Academic knowledge, concepts and skills transfer from the first to the second language. In order to make the necessary instructional adjustments, teachers need to provide instruction in the learners first language and a strong English as a Second Language component during the instructional day in order to make academic content meaningful. The interruption of academic development in the first language will presumable promote academic failure.A good balance of academic instruction (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency) in the first language and vocabulary and oral language development (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) through ESL will facilitate language transfer and transition when the learner is ready. According to research, it takes a language learner from 5-7 years to reach academic proficiency in the second language. It takes from 2-3 years to acquire BICS. Therefore, teaching BICS in the two languages and having a strong ESL program are essential if language learners are to be ready for transitioning from the first to the second language.Slide 45 Language development includes Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) which are acquired subconsciously as well as the innate ability learners bring with them to the academic setting (CALP). In order to assure both cognitive and academic success in learning a second language, the learner must be taught in his/her first language to a high cognitive level so that the learner can develop the necessary competence and performance in the second language. Slide 46Second language learners go through everyday experiences which impact the acquisition of the second language. The home-school connection is very important in order to help language learners respond to second language learning more effectively. The sociocultural support that language learners need must be evident at home, at school, in the community and in society at large. The instructional environment can either create social unity, linguistic and ethnic respect, and value for bilingualism or it may promote a psychological distance between two groups, cultures and languages.Slide 47 In conclusion, teachers working with second language learners must consider the learners linguistic, cultural, and academic needs, as well as the levels of language proficiency. Teachers should encourage their students to experiment with language and not be afraid of making errors. Errors are part of the learning process just as error correction is part of the teaching process. Teachers should not ignore errors, but focusing too much on them can cause anxiety, fear and shackle learning.

David Fletcher Case Study

Case learn David Fletcher 1. What are Davids greatest strengths as a aggroup breather? Greatest developmental needs? How did these strengths and weaknesses affect Davids ability to build a successful team up the first time or so? Points for Class handleion Greatest Strengths * David is nidused on the accusing of the team and he is well awake of the function of the team once assembled. * David is also good in building mutual connection with his team members as exemplified by his student-teacher kin with Stephanie.Developmental Needs * David lacks people skills He should be more small in identifying and analyzing interpersonal problems within his organization and address these problems promptly. He should realize that collaboration of his team is as important as their individual contribution, if not more. Effects to Team Building Having a clear objective of what the team is supposed to be doing will help a lot in achieving its goal. This was evident when the team was smooth ly running the first couple of months.However, as the team was not built on upstanding foundation and members are not truly compatible working with each other, cracks eventually formed that lead to the downfall of the group. 2. What type of team was David trying to assemble? What type of team do you think would be most appropriate for this specific business environment? David Fletcher was originally trying to build a query team composing of analysts who are experts in certain industries.His preference of having experts for team members came from the need to analyze and tense through huge amount of research data that can assist him in coming up with sound investment decisions. His decision of building a research team to handle the details of his twenty-four hourslight to day operations would be the most appropriate strategy given his specific business environment. 3. Discuss what you think the biggest problems/obstacles faced by David in the transition to teams.Considering that Davids strengths rely on his ability to focus on what is in front of him and make sense out of the chaos of information that floods his day to day operation, ace of his biggest obstacle is his lacks of skill in observing how his team members interact with each other which highlights his ineffectiveness in people management. Additionally, the lack of structure in the way they organized their team is not really helpful in the everyplaceall cohesion and synergy of the group although they claim to have only one goal which is to make money for their investors and improve their portfolio.This brings in another obstacle for David as his initial design for a team loosely rely on the strength of each individual members instead of capitalizing on a harmonious relationship of the group. 4. Assess Davids second attempt to build a team. As Davids original team falls apart, his effort of building another team has the potential to prolong the same route and fall into similar obstacles that le ad to the downfall of the original team if he doesnt analyze deeper the circumstances and factors that lead to the failure.Although the potential team members are promising, there is no guarantee of a cohesive team not unless David invests more on his people to build a harmonious relationship between his subordinates. On the other hand, his initiative to persevere even if challenged with the task of starting all over again to rebuild the team is commendable. 5. What advice would you give to Mary Robinson? Points for discussion Joining a group involves a lot of risks especially if it is a small, closely-knit team since the interactivity between members is relatively high.Although Marys initial seal is positive, there is no guarantee that she can effectively work with the members in the long run. Furthermore, focusing on her area of expertise alone does not guarantee her success since Davids team is involved in various industries which may require her to work with other experts of he r team. On the other hand, being in a focused and driven team will greatly improve her skills in portfolio management. If she possesses adequate people skills to run short and work with her team members without any complications then joining Davids team may prove to be a great career move for her.

Identity struggle †The narrow and broad path in James Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain Essay

mob Baldwins bread and merelyter was deeply marked by an identity struggle. A struggle to find go forth what it meant to be an Ameri mass and foremost what it meant to be an Afro Ameri house. Like in some other works he besides deals with this musical theme in his first overbold Go Tell It on the Mountown(prenominal), where can buoy Grimes con scarers this problem on his fourteenth birth twenty-four hours. The quest paper lead therefore take a look at the possibilities offered to the Afro American compositors cases in the story, especi appeasey to behind, and what function the perform service plays in this context. Moreover it pass on out cable television keister Grimes situation surrounded by a ghostly up-bringing in poverty and the longing for a better financial vivification by adopting exsanguine dashs. Finally it will try to elaborate on the basis of two advert scenes whether lavs decision is based on faith or hopelessness.II. Imposed roles Afro Ameri cans in a dominantly vacuous edictFrom the actually beginning of the novel the possibilities of Afro Americans in American society atomic number 18 depicted as very remote, especially in conjuration Grimes case Every ane had al courses said that rear end would be a preacher when he grew up, just standardised his father. . His entire life and all the people in it are set in a religious environ handst, blocking out any kind of secular influence. As a issuance of detail no other future option for him is ever menti adeptd in the novel. At some point though his teachers nonice that he is very intelligent Youre a very bright boy, toilet Grimes Keep up the good work. .His parents applyt seem to be cognisant of this or dupet administer this to be of importance for his future perspectives. This hopelessness can be traced by dint ofout each characters life in the novel.Those who do non accept their role imposed to them by society tend to fail in life. For example Aunt Floren ce who sets out jointure in order to achieve a higher living standard, but ends up al unrivaled afterward driving her husband away(predicate) from her due to her ambition to gain a higher social standard. Further, tins veritable father Richard is crushed by the injustice against black men in a dominantly white society and consequently commits suicide. accordingly, John and the following generations are taught to accept the circumstances and their status in American society. In order to cope with this they are advised to lead a highly religious life and to shut out all secular elements. It is this formulation that Baldwin criticizes mostly.He blames the black people for pass judgment the myth of being inferior to white people without a struggle . Moreover he accuses them of copy white ways and replacing their own African traditions . Aunt Florence even takes a smell throw out in the novel by trying to bleach her peel off with beauty products, hereby rejecting her black ski n and thus her heritage. At the same time he blames the Anglo-American society for depriving black people of all immunity and ability to direct their own go bads . This identity struggle is clearly visible in Johns case and will be discussed in detail in chapter three.2.1. Black church building as a helpful companion or a mere distraction from creation?Since the current story evolving somewhat John primarily takes place in a church and deals with his conversion it is important to take a side by side(predicate) look at the role of Black Christianity and the Black Church. The Temple of the Fire Baptized, family Grimes church, is presented to the reader as a place of redemption and as a shelter from all the sin in the world. John is confronted with this supposedly sin on his way to church every Sunday in the form of men and women coming home from bars and cat endures . The unvarying threats of damnation and hell itself, which Macebuh states as being dissolve of the Black Chris tianity, withal appear throughout the entire novel. Due to the permanent warnings of temptations and sin by his parents and the church community, John lives in abiding hero-worship of graven images wrath, even in harmless places much(prenominal) as the moviesHe waited for the darkness to be shattered by the diminish of the second coming, for the ceiling to break up upward, revealing, for every eye to see, the chariots of fire on which descended a wrathful God and all the host of Heaven.In return for refuge and brotherhood, the members are curtailed freedom and have to renounce all worldly plea authentics. Especially this aspect of religion is irreproducible for John and even more(prenominal) for Roy, who openly criticizes his father for forcing them to obeyYeah we dont k outright how lucky we is to have a father what dont want you to go to movies, and dont want you to play in the streets, and dont want you to have no friends, and he dont want this and he dont want that, and he dont want you to do nothing. We so lucky to have a father who just wants us to go to church and read the Bible .In the novel the church primarily seems to be a place of comfort for those in sorrow, such as Aunt Florence. She remembers having gone to church only once since she travel to the North and her visit to the Temple of the FireBaptized now is due to her cancer and fear of death. So it seems that people preferably turn to God out of despair than out of strong belief. This supposition is also enforced by an ironic observation the narrator makes concerning the characters habits of church dischargeTarry service officially began at eight, but it could begin at any time, whenever the Lord moved one of the saints to enter the church and pray. It was seldom, however, that anyone arrived before eight thirty, the Spirit of the Lord being sufficiently tolerant to allow the saints time to do their Saturday-night shopping, pluck their houses, and put their children to bed.Especi ally the younger people do not seem to go to church voluntarily to help out, leaving John usually alone to clean up the Temple, unless Elisha shows up to view as him a hand Lord, Sister McCandless, he said, look like it aint never but us two. I dont know what the other young folks does on Saturday nights, but they dont come nowhere near here. . Ironically, while Elisha says this, John thinks to himself that not even Elisha shows up frequently on Saturdays.All these line of achievements show that the so called saints in the novel do not go to church out of religious reasons but because they are desperate and consider the church as a rallying point around which they sought to lessen their pain by sharing in one anothers joys and suffering as Macebuh puts it . Peter Bruck interprets this similarly. He sees the negro Church as the only available social space for the black society in history. however still this social field of activity does not help to change the inhuman conditions e ach character suffers and the prayers also do not improve their psychological and social circumstance . In this context, particularly in chapter two, The Prayers of the Saints, the reader gets an idea of what the prayer of each member consists.During mass all of them reflect on their retiring(a) and recall their sins, but they do not pray out of their grapple for God but out of fear that He might make them suffer his wrath, since He is not the compassionate God of the unexampled Testament . Colin MacInnes goes even promote in his essay by referring to religion as a boisterous and constant compulsion that never abandons them the characters a second . Bone states that religion means refuge from the terrors of free-and-easy life and God therefore represents safety God and safety became synonymous, and the church, a part of his survival scheme. However, the price for this safety is renouncement of in-person forefinger of ones sex and social power of ones people . Overall Bone r eckons that the church offers either the path of self-hatred or the path of self-acceptance, with Christ as a kind of spiritual bleaching cream. In this structure the Negro lot function as a ritual enactment of their daily pain .Edward Margolies depicts the Negro Church as a kind of community newspaper which links the new immigrants to their Southern past and functions as an sidetrack for their rage, terror and frustrations . In addition to all the authors here mentioned, Margolies expands the churchs functions upon the field of masculine identity. The church exemplifies by means of the wrathful Old Testament God a masculine role mannequin some Negro adolescences lack in their family environment . This can also be applied to Johns case. Rejected by his father, or as the reader knows, his measuringfather, he feels unlove and unworthy. On the one hand he despises God, since he sees his father as Gods minister . On the other hand though, he longs to be saved and become Gods son, who would whence protect him past he would no longer be the son of his father, but the son of his Heavenly Father, the King. and then he need no longer fear his father, for he could take, as it were, their quarrel over his fathers head to Heaven to the Father who loved him, who had come down in the flesh to die for him.This passage clearly shows that the church provides John with some kind of psychic compensation for the love his father deprives him of and that he sees in God an ally against his father. This would become redundant if he were to find out that Gabriel is not his tangible father and that he has also sinned in his past life, namely in the form of his unclaimed eldest son with Esther . As for Elisha, who also tries to bring him closer to God, John sees in him a brotherly and paternal figure he looks up to, but he also feels attracted to him in sexual ways. Elisha somehow represents the temporal protection and guidance John needs in order to find his identity.He i s also the one who shows him another side of God and religion. Instead of the wrathful God his father preaches him, Elisha speaks of a caring and blessing one who protects and saves . In general, the church is depicted as a kind of sanctuary for the characters, just as it was for pile Baldwin himself. The black Church offered him in a similar way shelter and refuge from the terrors of the streets . Overall, accepted belief is disregarded in contrast to safety which now stands for Christianity.III. In search of identity in the midst of secularization and clericalizationGiven the background so far John Grimes is trapped between the clerical life his parents force unto him and the secular life that awaits him outside his home on the streets. The title of the novel, the first line of a Negro spiritual, refers to the good news of Jesus Christs existence. Additionally, the first chapter that introduces the reader to the characters is called The seventh day, a clear reference to the cr eation story of Genesis . Both function as allusions to biblical constructions. In a figurative sense, Johns fourteenth birthday can therefore be seen as a creative process, which marks his finding of self-identity, as well in religious wrong as in worldly or sexual terms. The following chapters will take a closer look at two passages where John faces different paths concerning his identity, one characterized by a more real(a) and white world and another leading to a strictly religious life.3.1. Johns pickup to Manhattan Denial of his black heritage?On his fourteenth birthday John uses the money his mother gives him to barter for a metro card and drive down to Manhattan. As mentioned before John feels attracted to the shining and frothy world of white men and is not so much interested in his people . He cares more about what the white people think of him and feels very proud when they notice his recognition in school . This intelligence symbolizes for him a special power the others do not possess and which he hopes will bring him the love he lacks Perhaps, with this power he might one day win that love which he so longed for. . For John the white world represents power and success . Thus, once he arrives at Central Park and reaches the vizor of the hill, he feels as if he could counter the entire cityHe did not know why, but there arose in him an exultation and a sense of power, and he ran up the hill like an engine, or a madman, willing to throw himself headlong into the city that glowed before him Then he, John, matte up like a giant who might crumble this city with his anger he felt up like a tyrant who might crush this city beneath his heel he felt like a long-awaited mortifyor at whose feet flowers would be strewn He would be, of all, the mightiest, the most beloved, the Lords anointed, and he would live in this shining city which his roots had seen with longing from far away.There alone on the top of the hill he dreams of being part of the city and belonging to the upper white class, which would accept him unconditionally. save as soon as he recalls the peoples reactions to him he is pulled back into reality He remembered the people he had seen in the city, whose eyes held no love for him and how when they passed they did not see him, or, if they saw him, they smirked. . disdain these incidents John still feels as part of the white social stratum due to his intelligence, but reality looks quite different and resembles more his parents, especially his fathers warnings of the city and white men in general. As he walks along Central Park he keeps imagining what it would be like living in such an environment and being wealthy. The absence of God in this society is not a drawback for John, since he sees that the way of life according to the Lord has not really helped his parents with their everyday strugglesIn the compact way, the way of the cross, there awaited him only humiliation forever there awaited him, one day, a house like his fathers house, and a church like his fathers, and a job like his fathers, where he would grow old and black with hunger and toil. The way of the cross had given him a belly filled with wind and had bent his mothers back they had never worn picturesque clothes, but here, where the buildings contested Gods power and where the men and women did not fear God, here he might eat and drink to his hearts content and clothe his body with wondrous fabrics . disdain the occurrence that he knows that their legal opinions were not of God, and their way was not Gods way , he cannot see how the white society, being so beautiful and gracious, could end up in hell. He himself had been witness of their cogency to do good when he was sick and one of his teachers had brought him medicine. Although John does not really know unless who he is and where he belongs, at this point he does know that he never wants to end up like his father. Due to his young age and inexperience it is m ore likely that he feels attracted to the white society on the grounds of a wealthier future it seems to offer and not because he tries to deny his black heritage.His curse to black people derives basically from the fact that his entire Negro environment characterizes itself by poverty and does not offer him a successful, strong or caring male role model. On the contrary, Johns self-hatred and accusation are a result of his fathers treatment. Hence, he tries to find an commentary for his fathers rejection in his own shortcomings, such as his desire to leave the ghetto or his intelligence which singles him out . Gabriels ongoing criticism of Johns outward appearance leads to peril and self-doubtHis father had always said that his face was the face of Satan and was there not something in the lift of the eye frontal bone, in the way his rough hair formed a V on his brow that bore witness to his fathers words? In the eye there was a light that was not the light of Heaven, and the mouth trembled, lustful and lewd, to drink deep of the wines of Hell two great eyes, and a broad, low forehead, and the triangle of his nose, and his enormous mouth, and the barely perceptible cleft in his chin, which was, his father said, the mark of the have wordss little finger he most passionately desired to know whether his face was ugly or not.By contrast, the white society stands for success and seems to offer him all the possibilities his father deprives him of. Most of all John associates access to knowledge with white people. Next to the incident at school, which was mentioned earlier on summon three, John feels both attracted and frightened by the earthly concern Library on 42nd Street. He believes books to be part of high culture and thus a white privilege. Scared he stands in front of the building not knowing how people would react to him if he dared to go insideHe loved this street, not for the people or the shops but for the stone lions that guarded the great mai n building of the Public Library, a building filled with books and unimaginably vast, and which he had never yet dared to enter But he had never gone in because the building was so big that it must be full of corridors and stain steps, in the maze of which he would be lost and never find the book he wanted. And then everyone, all the white people inside, would know that he was not used to great buildings, or to many books, and they would look at him with sympathize with.This passage also shows that even though the big city fascinates John, it also seems to him as a kind of maze that terrifies him and brings back his fathers words of warning. Despite all these admonitions and the fact that John is aware of the Negro treatment and history in the United States , he believes that his knowledge is the key to white acceptance. His getaway to Manhattan also leads him to Broadway, which he automatically associates with the broad path to Hell and damnation Broadway the way that led to dea th was broad, and many could be found thereon . Still he immediately dismisses this depiction and decides to see a movie on Sixth Avenue, where once again he is plagued by thoughts of God punishing him for this supposedly sin . Inspired by the main character of the movie, whom he admires for her strength and independency, John tries to figure out whether there is a deuce-ace path in life John thought of Hell, of his souls redemption, and the struggle to find a compromise between the way that led to life everlasting and the way that ended in the pit. But there was none .This trip to Manhattan signifies for John an pretermit from his fathers religious world and one step closer to the life he wishes to lead, one that is characterized by financial security and social status independent of his skin color. As mentioned before, this tendency in John can be ascribed to a longing for a better life and not to an think denial of his blackness. Still his desire to be part of the white soc iety leads automatically to a negation of his ancestors past and hence to alienation from his own people. Therefore Johns desired white identity is only a mock identity which would never work.The only way of finding his real identity is by accepting his own heritage and history and consequently his own father . Moreover, by attending the movies he does not only carry out an act of social participation but also an act of defiance both against morality and religion, since he identifies with the white heroines attitude, who tells the world to pet her ass . Ironically, in the end John remains in his secular thinking as much a victim of his fears of God as those who are willing to accept Gods power . 3.2. Johns conversion True belief or a mere survival plait?The other path, the narrow one which is available for John, is the religious one his parents and his community offer him. Here the third chapter The Treshing Floor or rather the conversion scene in this chapter can be taken as a g ood example. Even though John mentioned before that he did not long for the narrow way, where all his people walked , in chapter three he engages in an ecstatic conversion. Therefore this experience is self-styled and rather seems to be a flight from the quest for identity into the ostensible safety the black church offers . During his spiritual experience he encounters various obstacles, his father being the most difficult one. While John is lying in front of the altar he sees his father looking down on him without pity or love, but preferably he keeps hearing him say Im going to baffle sin out of him. Im going to beat it out .As mentioned before the only way to God is through his father and by admitting his sin. Like the son of Noah, he too had do fun of his fathers bareness and was now cursed for it to the present just like Ham. By accepting this, namely that all niggers had come from this most undutiful of Noahs sons and that a curse was re-create from moment to moment, fro m father to son , he embraces his black heritage. Some critics, e.g. Csaba Csap, go even further by assuming that by doing so he also embraces his homosexuality, which comes to show in his relationship with Elisha . But this is exclusively a different topic of the novel, which does not contribute to this essays matter and will therefore not be discussed at this point. His ongoing journey takes him into a grave, which symbolizes the past, isolation, death but also resurrection, where the collective singing and praying further strengthens his realization of his own history In this murmur that filled the grave he recognized a sound that he had always hear This sound had filled Johns life, so it now seemed, fromthe moment he had first drawn breath. He had heard it everywhere It was in his fathers anger, in his mothers calm insistence, and in the vehement mockery of his aunt Yes, he had heard it all his life, but it was only now that his ears were opened to this sound that came from darkness, that yet bore such sure witness to the glory of the light. And now in his moaning, and so far from any help, he heard it in himself.This experience creates an identity in John which no longer separates him from his black environment but rather strengthens the feeling of solidarity. Nevertheless, this identity-shaping does not change Johns relationship to his father the living word that could conquer the great division between his father and himself. But it did not come . Peter Bruck explains this situation with the fact that Johns experience does not signify relief from his damnation, but merely constitutes a short ease from the existing situation, similar to the Noah and Ham network . This assumption is also supported by Gabriels comment after Johns conversion It comes from your mouth I want to see you live it. Its more than a notion. . He reminds John of the fact that his conversion is merely the first step and that he is still to be tested by the long, complex jour ney of life. This is also emphasized by the unchanged picture the saints face the morning after Johns conversion, which stands in contrast to the victimization he has undergoneYet the houses were there, as they had been the windows, like a thousand, blinded eyes, stared outward at the morning at the morning that was the same for them as the mornings of Johns innocence, and the mornings before his birth. The water ran in the gutters with a small, dissatisfy sound on the water traveled paper, burnt matches, sodden cigarette-ends gobs of spittle, green-yellow, brown, and pearly the leavings of a dog, the mold of a drunken man, the dead sperm, trapped in rubber, of one abandoned to his lust.This passage clearly shows the constant burdens of life and the unimproved reality awaiting John. The picture is characterized by decay and waste and thus depicts Johns hopeless situation in spite of his new found identity.As his father mentioned to him he is still endangered by his environment a nd his relationship to yonder has not improved at all. The people will still confront him with the same pity and hostility as before, calling him Frog-eyes and other names . Hence the church only offers a temporary place of refuge without really creating better options for the future. It only part illuminates things and merely hides or damns others . But in the midst of all this pessimism there also exists a electric arc of hope for John. He has now found a new ally in Elisha who already helped him through his conversion and will keep on doing so in the future. Further, he has introduced John to the love of God, instead of the theological terror of the false God his father preaches . As Robert Bone also hints at, the church can function as a path of self-hatred or as a path of self-acceptance . The following lines point to a new start and ongoing journey lying ahead of JohnThe solarize had come full awake. It was waking the streets, and the houses, and crying at the windows. It f ell over Elisha like a favourable robe, and struck Johns forehead, where Elisha had kissed him, like a seal ineffaceable forever.Again, this kiss and the rising sun can be interpreted as Johns awakening homosexuality, which in the following works of Baldwin is also seen as a source of hope . The closing lines of the novel Im ready Im coming. Im on my way. impart an open ending to the story, leaving out which path John is going to take after all.IV. ConclusionThe ending of the novel leaves the reader wondering whether John has definitely chosen the narrow path he so long avoided, even despised. Only several(prenominal) hours before, he still dreamed of a wealthy life midst the white society, far away from his own people and poverty. The moment he realizes that this world was not for him and that they would never let him enter , as his father always kept preaching him, he turns to his only other option, the black church. Thus, it seems to be more a last desperate act to survive in t he brutal streets of Harlem, than an act of religious belief. This step can also be found in James Baldwins own biography. After having served as a preacher for several years, he left the black church unsatisfied and misunderstood, still distinct for his own identity as an American, better as an Afro American. In exchange for sanctuary he had to give up his sexuality and entirely isolate himself from the outer world, which might get him into conflict with the white power.This meant exchanging the personal power of ones sex and the social power of ones people in exchange for the power of the Word, in Baldwins eyes the historical betrayal of the Negro Church . A similar pattern of behavior can be observed in John, who sees in religion also a survival gimmick. Although during Johns religious ecstasy the reader might get the economic crisis that he is acting according to belief, his final words to Elisha on the way home evoke hazard in this decision no matter what happens to me, whe re I go, what folks say about me, no matter what anybody says, you remember I was saved. I was there. . It seems as though he knows that his conversion is not the finish line and yet another journey awaits him that may lead him away from the church, as it did James Baldwin.V. BibliographyPrimrliteraturBaldwin, James Go Tell It on the Mountain. upstart York Bantam Dell 1980.SekundrliteraturBone, Robert A. James Baldwin in Keneth Kinnamon James Baldwin. A Collection of comminuted Essays. in the raw Jersey Prentice Hall 1974, p. 28-38.Bruck, Peter Von der store front church zum American Dream. James Baldwin und der amerikanische Rassenkonflikt. Amsterdam B. R. Grner 1975, p.24-36.Csap, Csaba Race, Religion and Sexuality in Go Tell It on the Mountain in Carol E. Henderson James Baldwins Go Tell It on the Mountain. Historical and Critical Essays. New York Peter Lang 2006, p.57-74.Fabre, Michel Fathers and Sons in James Baldwins Go Tell It on the Mountain in Keneth Kinnamon James Bald win. A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey Prentice Hall 1974, p.120-138.Jones, Beau rainfly The Struggle for Identity in The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 17, No.2 (June 1966), p.107-121.Kent, George E. Baldwin and the Problem of Being in Therman B. ODaniel James Baldwin. A Critical Evaluation. London AD. Donker 1977, p.19-29.Macebuh, Stanley James Baldwin A critical Study. New York The Third Press Joseph Okpaku issue Company 1973, p.49-68.MacInnes, Colin Dark Angel The Writings of James Baldwin in Gibson, Donald B. Five Black Writers. New York New York University Press 1970, p.119-126.Margolies, Edward The Negro Church James Baldwin and the Christian Vision in Harold Bloom James Baldwin. New York Chelsea House Publishers 1986, p.59-76.Rosenblatt, Roger Out of Control Go Tell It on the Mountain and Another Country in Harold Bloom James Baldwin. New York Chelsea House Publishers 1986, p.77-90.Sylvander, Carolyn Wedin James Baldwin. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co . 1980, p.27-44.View as multi-pages