George Dawes Greens The Juror: Annie :: essays research papers

George Dawes Green's The Juror: Annie I have sustained some of the most appalling trials of this century. Over me I have felt distress, bleakness, sorrow. However none of them were as smashing as Annie's. Have you ever heard about Annie? Oh yes Annie Laird, one of the most kind jurors I have ever met. In George Dawes Greens The Juror, He sumarized the events and, thoroughly explained the pain and anguish Annie had to go through. The woe in which her life revolved after mentioning those lousy words  ¨I need a little excitement in my life  ¨1, well, if Annie needed to add a touch of excitement to her life she should have tried Disneyland not jury duty. What I am about to air is what happened in our little run with the mob. Truly that has a bit of foul humor because I can't run. If you keep on reading you will understand the risks of serving for jury duty  ¨Who will protect you? ¨2 Before I met her, Annie was an unadorned artiste who had just transferred out of Manhattan and into the country. To a small cottage by a lake. Her child, Oliver, who loved to ride his bike, moved in as well. I have to say that when I met Annie for the first time it was as Juror N ° 224. She was a sparkling maid. Who would have thought a rotten soul such as the teacher would try to harm her? I confess that her recoil in the following days impressed me. This time the trial was against Louie Boffano. He was the head of the mob. He and his right hand The Teacher were as bad as they come. The case was the murders of Salvadore Riggio and his grandson. Mr. Boffano was being accused of ordering them. By this time Annie and I already knew the teacher, but we acknowledged him as Zach Lyde. He had a very piquant approach toward Annie; he bought three of her artworks for twelve thousand dollars each. Nevertheless, how were we to imagine that he was part of the mob? By the time that night had come, Zach Lyde was having dinner at Annie's house. Oliver stayed at a friend's house; Juliet's house. Then came those frightful words from the teacher  ¨Annie, listen to me now, you're in danger and your son is in danger ¨3 After this, disaster struck Annie's life. From this moment on Annie would feel disquietude and distress. Her house was bugged, her friend's house was bugged, and she could not tell anyone.

Panipat Cotton

The slump in cotton price from Rs 4,800 per quintal last season to around Rs 4,000 this season has become a blessing in disguise for Panipat-based home textile exporters. It is helping them to contain their input cost by around 5 to 6 per cent. Home-grown textile companies have increased their trade volumes and are passing this margin to consumers in Latin America, Middle East and African markets.Pawan Kumar, a Sonipat-based innovative farmer dealing in cotton said, â€Å"Last season, we had sold our cotton at around Rs 4,600 per quintal to around Rs 4,900 per quintal. But, in current season, the return has been in the range of Rs 3,900 to Rs 4,100 per quintal, down by around 20 per cent. † JUMP IN VOLUME Prem Sagar VI], president of Panipat Exporters Association said, â€Å"The export market of Panipat has been hit by around Rs 1,000 crore in last financial year due to the Euro Zone crisis. This sliding cotton prices are giving us (textile exporters) tab our input ost by aro und 5 to 6 per cent. However, lowering price of cotton does not result in increasing the profitability of the Panipat home textile exporters. He said that overseas clients are well aware about this new development in the domestic market as they do while following the rupee- dollar convertibility. â€Å"It is helping us to compete against Pakistani and Bangladeshi products (which are cheaper than Indian home textile products by around 15 per cent to even 20 per cent in some cases) and we are able to dent in their market, especially in Venezuela,Panama, Brazil, IJAE, Syria, South Africa. These are the major countries which have shown interest in pursuing business with us this year by shifting their loyalty from Pakistan and Bangladesh. † Prem Sagar VIJ said that these markets have the potential to generate around Rs 500 crore-Rs 600 crore per annum (around 15 per cent of the net export turnover in 2012)

Relationship Between God And His People - 2002 Words

God develops many special relationships with His people throughout the Old Testament. Another word to describe the relationship between God and his people is covenant. The word covenant goes into the details of the relationship. Within the five books of the Pentateuch (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy), Historical books, Poetical books, and the Prophet books, one may pick up on the relationships being developed between God and humanity. God has an unconditional love for His people; He is always faithful to them. On the other hand, humanity has more of a conditional relationship with God. Humanity continuously falls short, making the love seem â€Å"conditional,† but are given a choice to either follow God into a relationship and receive love and benefits of the covenant or not. â€Å"No child of the covenant who presents to Him a faithless and insincere heart shall be included in its blessings.† Going off the idea of love being unconditiona l and conditional, this paper focuses on how the Old Testament is about God, humanity and their relationship. â€Å"Torah† is a feature of the Old Testament that includes â€Å"the comprehensive list of instructions and stipulations by which Israel’s covenant with God is controlled.† Therefore, according to Archer, torah actually stands for the manner of life that had to be followed in order to uphold Israel’s relationship with God. Genesis is the first book of the Pentateuch and Genesis supports the idea that the OldShow MoreRelatedThe Book Of Romans By Apostle Paul1512 Words   |  7 Pagesand relationship with God. Romans chapter one to eight shows the aspects of those areas: God so loved human beings that He reveals Himself through natural world that people could know Him; true human identity can be discovered by seeing God’s image within human beings, and to do so, Jesus need to justify, sanctify, and glorify them; the relationship between God and human beings were broken due to a sin, but through God’s unconditional love, whoever lives in Jesus will not be separated from God againRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The David Story1719 Words   |  7 Pagesidentical. The relationship between people and their deities is a strong one based entirely on literature, whether that be oral or written. And while this relationship is characterized mainly by love and admiration, fear of and punishment b y deities was not an uncommon practice in any religion. The Epic Of Gilgamesh and The David Story both work to prove that the relationship between a people and the divine is characterized by both love for and fear of deities. This relationship based on love andRead MoreIsrael s Relationship Between God And Israel1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe people of Israel, the chosen people, had a complex relationship with their God. Throughout the First Testament, Israel’s relationship with God seems to take several forms. Their relationship becomes more complex as the Israelites grow as the people of Yahweh. I will explore Israel’s relationship beginning with Abraham, continuing onto Israel’s story following Egypt and onto the interpretation of prophets Ezekiel and Hosea. Overall, the relationship between God and Israel seems to be a disproportionalRead MoreIntroduction Of The Book Of Exodus And The Judge s Cycle1241 Words   |  5 Pagesand Buddhism, redemption holds va rious interpretations. Yet, for the Jews, redemption is mainly about God redeeming them from various exiles and slavery. Redemption is prevalent throughout Hebrew Traditions and highlights the tensions that arise between human and divine powers such as in the Book of Exodus and the Judge s Cycle which demonstrates the eternal aspect of the covenant and renders God as the only determinant of salvation for humanity. Analyzing the initial concept of redemption in theRead More`` Ode : Intimations Of Immortality From Recollections Of Early Childhood ``919 Words   |  4 Pagesever-changing relationship between the human being and the God. He carefully chooses the words that clearly relate to his religious belief, which leads readers are able to avoid the effect from the biblical allusion and the symbolism while they are reading. The knowledge of context is unnecessary to understand the Wordsworth’s poem; moreover, the word choice is helpful for reader to understand the poem. Wordsworth illustrates an intimate relationship between the human being and the God. He states,Read MoreRelationship Between Man And God983 Words   |  4 Pagesthing that people from different eras have in common is that they were continuously inspired by faith. Throughout time people have consistently sought for answers to the mysteries of this world; in doing so a multitude of religions have burgeoned, with the Greek Gods and Christianity being among the most prominent religions in history. There are a plethora of Greek texts, with some of the more notable including Homer’s Iliad and Ovid’s Metamorphoses, which focus on man’s relationship with the GreekRead MoreEssay on The Changing Role of the Supernatural in the Bible1621 Words   |  7 PagesBible is no exception .The bible in both forms The Exodus, the old Testamant and the Luke in the new Testament is concerned primarily with the existence of god , the nature of god, the relationship of god with his c reratures , primarily humanity. Gods role in the history and creation of the world in essence in the Bible is about the supernatural , god being conceived as a supernatural deity separate and existing from the natural creation. The supernatural phenomena in the Bible are the actions taken byRead MoreThe Differences Between The And Roman Society1350 Words   |  6 Pagesto the main gods, the Romans had spirits and other gods, like household gods, that they would pray and make sacrifices to. The relationship between the gods and the Romans can be described in several aspects of Roman society. The agricultural ideal the Romans displayed for the gods and the pietas shown towards the gods are some of the ways in which we establish a better understanding of the relationship of a Roman and the gods. Also, there is a unique similarity in Roman society between the Roman patronsRead MoreA Believer s Relationship With God1141 Words   |  5 PagesA believer’s relationship with God is the first and foremost of all ties they have. It determines their other relationships with their fellow human beings. If humans gain a proper understanding of their sound relationship with God and maintain the prescribed relationship, they will grow into obedient servants of his Lord, valuable members of their family, sincere citizens of their state and loving, and caring human beings concerned with the welfare of all humankind. Dynamic living religions alwaysRead MoreThe World s Beginning God1673 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the world’s beginning God has always had a plan for His people. Since the Day he created Adam and then Eve from Adam’s rib he knew the plans he had in store for them. Fortunately for Humanity, the sin that Adam and Eve fell into is only temporary. Since the beginning God has been carrying out his plan to reconcile the lost communion humanity once had with the Father. The Noahic Covenant established his commitment to creation, specifically huma nity. The Abrahamic Covenant shows that God’s

Emily Dickinsons A Certain Slant of Light Analysis Essay

1 Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"There’s a certain Slant of light† In her poem, There’s a certain Slant of light, Emily Dickinson uses metaphors and imagery to convey the feeling of solemnity and despair at winter’s twilight. The slanted light that she sees, is a metaphor for her battle with depression. Anyone who is familiar with Dickinson’s background will have a better understanding of what she is trying to say in this poem. Dickinson was known as a recluse and spent most of her life isolated from the outside world. The few people that she did come in contact with over the years are said to have had a major impact on her poetry. Although, her main muse of her work seems to be despair and internal conflict.†¦show more content†¦If we’re feeling down, like the speaker of this poem, we see the world as how we feel inside; things look unpleasant, and grey and dismal. We’re unable to see a ray of hope that is coming through the window in the form of sunshine. In the fourth stanza, when death, or â€Å"itâ €  as the speaker calls it, comes everything listens. When someone dies, those still on this earth sometimes experience stillness in nature, as if the world is on hold and listening to us. In Dickinson’s poem the stillness comes from the slant of light, and the landscape and shadows listen and figuratively hold their breath. The landscape and shadows are personified in this stanza. The capitalization of â€Å"Landscape† and â€Å"Shadows† gives the impression that the speaker is referring to someone she knows. The mood here changes quite a bit compared to the first three stanzas of this poem. You get a sense of anticipation instead of despair, and the oppression that the speaker has felt has lifted and now she’s feeling light and maybe some what alluring. In the final two lines of the poem, the poet uses sort of a morbid imagery. â€Å"When it goes, ‘tis like the Distance, On the look of Death.† (15-16) Dead people have a distant look to t hem since the life in their being is gone somewhere else. We also see the exit of winter light at the end of the day in the same distant way we might see some deaths. Death isShow MoreRelatedBibliography Relation to Analysis of Emily Dickinson ´s Writings2048 Words   |  8 Pages Anderson, Paul W. The Metaphysical Mirth of Emily Dickinson. Georgia Review 20.1 Spring 1966): 72-83. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Vol. 171. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resource Center. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. Anderson accomplishes the discernment of Dickinson’s poems and their allusions to many classic myths. He denotes the figurative language that Dickinson utilizes in her poetry to relate to her themes. With these key elements inRead MoreEmily Dickinson’s Themes, Language, and Technique Essay1886 Words   |  8 PagesWhen a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they think about a female who wrote poetry that has been well known for years and years. Little do they know that Emily Dickinson founded American Literature, and started a whole revolution of poetry. The technique Dickinson used to write her poetry was never before seen and was the cornerstone of her writings. Major themes, Figurative Language, and Literary Technique used by Emily Dickinson were all of her characteristics of her towering achievement

The Historical History Of American Psychology Essay

The historical underpinnings of American psychology came by way of Francis Bacon and John Stuart Mill philosophy, Charles Darwin evolutionary biology, Chauncey Wright evolutionary psychology, and Wilhelm Wundt volunteer psychology generally (Green, 2009; Wright, 1873). From these philosophical and biological contributors came two major schools of American psychology, namely structuralism and functionalism (Green, 2009; Caldwell, 1899; biological terms; see Boucher, 2015, pp. 384-385), which emerged as competitors of thought on how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior specifically (Angell, 1907; Caldwell, 1899; Green, 2009; Green, Feinerer, Burman, 2013). The conceptual reality of this debate between the two schools is foundational and must be understood in order to build the proper picture of how American psychology has established itself as a â€Å"marker† by which America, and I proffer, the world evaluates psychology as a whole. It is in this historical cont ext where the soil was cultivated for the planting of these two schools and how each one takes root, flourishes, and how they both eventually find a reticent subjugation to modern forms of psychological preeminence. Therefore, this paper will discuss the historical nature and foundational construct of structuralism, functionalism, and the process of change for American psychology to be where it is today. Structuralism developed as the first American school of psychology and some of the conceptualShow MoreRelatedHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology1320 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Susan Hardin University of Phoenix Abnormal Psychology PSY/410 Krisit Lane, Ph.D. October 25, 2011 Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Historical perspectives of abnormal psychology sounds complicated, mainly due to the differing definitions, or interpretations, of what is considered abnormal. Identifying someone at work or in a social situation who appears to be behaving abnormally is easier to spot than it is to define theRead MoreHistorical Reference Of Social Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pages Historical Reference of Social Psychology Social psychology uses scientific methods to understand how people’s opinions and behaviors are influenced by the actual presence or the implied presence of others. Social psychology is an integrative field that builds the gap between psychology and sociology. Sociology, on the other hand, is the scientific study of human behavior. In addition, social psychology is a comparatively new field that originated in the early 20th century. In 1954 Gordon AllportRead MoreStructuralism And Functionalism Of American Psychology Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesDescription This lecture podcast discussing structuralism and functionalism in the development of American psychology must have a road map for how I will chart this brief course through such a brilliant history with characters as large as Lady Liberty. Therefore, I will begin by discussing the historical nature and foundational construct of structuralism, functionalism, the process of change for American psychology to be where it is today, and finish with a summary. I will also make available the paper andRead MoreImportant Women Of History Of Psychology1460 Words   |  6 Pages Important Women in the History of Psychology Claudia Barrows University of the Incarnate Word History of Psychology PSYC 4331 cmfuente@stduent.uiwtx.edu Roxanne Mayorga Summer I 2016 Abstract When we study the history of psychology one might assume there were minimal female contributors, but that is a big misconception. Women in the past struggled with discrimination and many hurdles to gain recognition for their work. Women psychologists have gone largely unrecognized, unappreciatedRead More From Unilineal Cultural Evolution to Functionalism Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pagesthe surrounding social environment. Barnouw (1963): 5. In other words, the personality or psychology of individuals can be studied and conclusions can be drawn about the Culture of those individuals. This school of thought owes much to Freud for its emphasis on psychology (personality) and to an aversion to the racist theories that were popular within Anthropology and elsewhere at that time. American anthropologist Ruth Benedict helped develop the Culture and Personality school. She describedRead MoreThe Important Effects of Theories, Systems, and Paradigms on Psychology543 Words   |  3 Page s Psychology is the study of the way people think and behave. The field of psychology has a number of subdisciplines devoted to the study of the different levels and contexts of human thought and behavior that includes theories, systems, and paradigms. Theories, systems, and paradigms have had an important effect on psychology. A theory is a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena. A theory can also be explained as an abstractRead MoreCommunication Theorists And Its Impact On Society Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesS society. White elites illuminated how Obama as a great man. Leader white elite discussed charismatic Obama in making and changes in social norms in racial progress. Change in racial attitudes of U.S American by participation of Obama, he made a turning point which changed future of U.S Americans, not only great mana changes the political landscape, but they bring change in race relationships in U.S. Great man theory leadership born, not made to widely accepted. Every individual possesses differentRead MoreConceptual And Historical Issues Of Psychology1420 Words   |  6 PagesCONCEPTUAL AND HISTORICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Abstract The often asked question is the relationship between the theories of psychology and its application to human life for instance, individual life, mental life and subjectivity. Presently, efforts by writers to separate the three categories have seen light. Psychology itself cannot exist without a society which supports all its facts. Moreover, psychological object cannot be taken as independent, given, discovered but that which is discoveredRead MoreThe Enlightenments Eras Most Notable Thinkers1684 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Enlightenment was a crucial period in modern history for the simple fact that it engendered some of the thoughts that are directly responsible for contemporary social, political, and religious institutions. This epoch, along with the Renaissance, helped to spur Western Civilization out of the Dark Ages and into contemporary conceptions of modernization. Not surprisingly, this time period is characterized by a number of different seditions and the revolutionary tenets that fueled them which wereRead MoreIn The United States, Not Only Are Latin Women Being Misunderstood,1508 Words   |  7 Pagesbut African American women are also stereotyped by other people. Latin women are discriminated in their dressing and service occupations, while African American Americans are stereotyped in sexually promiscuous, caregiving role, and â€Å"welfare queens.† Both of them are victims of racial stereotypes, which affect them negatively on their identities and characteristics. However, the differentiation of their cultures makes them being stereotyped in distinct aspects. Some of African American women’s stereotypes

The Scarlett Letter Criticism free essay sample

Hawthorne was very interested in creating an authentic past exhibiting the history of the colonies and his Puritan ancestors. Hawthorne invites the reader to relate The Scarlet Letter to contemporary politics of the 1840’s. â€Å"the past is not dead†- it lives on in the custom house, and other contemporary political institutions. Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter when he was recently pulled from his administrative position, as a self-proclaimed â€Å"politically dead man†. In the opening of the novel we wait for Hester to come out of the prison. We overhear others muttering about her offences, there is very little sympathy for Hester. In The Scarlet Letter, the fault shared by the Puritan settlers, the women outside the prison and Arthur Dimmesdale most of all, is devout hypocrisy: they naively imagine that sin, or â€Å"human frailty and sorrow,† can be avoided through denial and pretense. Chillingworth becomes an increasingly diabolical villain by his own deception. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlett Letter Criticism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, Hester Prynne wears the sign of shame on her chest and cannot feign nnocence; consequently she has a greater potential for salvation. Hawthorne routinely brings up Paradise Lost in order to reassert its vision of mankind as fallen, and its poetic dramatization of Adam and Even’s fall and expulsion from Eden. They fell with the world all before them, just like Hester was let out of prison with all to see. She seems to have a better chance at redemption than her hypocritical neighbors. The way that Hawthorne alludes to Paradise Lost introduces the theme of women’s sexuality and their temptation to sin. There are many symbols given throughout the read by Hawthorne, but the most important being the scarlet letter â€Å"A† on Hester’s chest. This symbol takes many different meanings, to the townspeople the letter â€Å"A† has the effects of a spell, which isolates her from society and leaves her alone with her sins. As Hawthrone describes it in â€Å"The Custom House,† modern life has a dulling effect on the mind and spirit. In his fiction, he wants to create a richer and more challenging world. Just as the meaning of Hester’s â€Å"A† gradually expands for the townspeople, meaning not just â€Å"Adultery† but also â€Å"Able† and perhaps â€Å"Angel. † The Scarlett Letter has the vagueness that opens possibilities of meaning for its readers. The ambiguity of Hester’s scarlet letter â€Å"A† has been used as a textbook case to illustrate the difference between two types of imagery in writing: allegory and symbolism. Allegory shown through a characters name that directly indicates its meaning â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Symbolism on the other hand requires more personal interpretation. The â€Å"A† could suggest a multitude of things, but it depends on the reader and how they interpret its symbol. The narrator creates multiple interpretations of events throughout the novel. This entices the reader to read between the lines and dig deep into the writing. Overall, Hawethorne leaves plenty of opportunity for self-interpretation throughout the novel and introduces themes and motifs with allusions to other works of the time period. History is made prevalent throughout the novel, and evidently impacts the plot because of Hawthorne’s ability to include it frequently.

The Rise of Communalism in India free essay sample

Communalism could be defined as a consciously shared religious heritage, which becomes the dominant form of identity for a given segment of society (Jones 1968). It mainly occurred between Muslims and Hindus. The autocratic Hindus in India insisted that the nation should be based on the Hindutva ideology, which are Hindi language, Hindu belief and Hindustan land. However, Hindutva ideology should not be the only cause of the rise of communalism in India since Muslims and Hindus had lived together for over than centuries. Colonialism took part on creating tensions between Muslim and Hindus. In addition, political clash had raised the tensions between them. In this research paper, I will prove that the rise of communalism in India was not just because of the Hindutva ideology and the Hindutva movement but also because of the British involvement and intervention in Indian society. Furthermore, the Muslims also raised the tension by making themselves apart from the Hindus and created conflicts against the Hindus. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Communalism in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hinduism as a benchmark of Nationalism Hindu was the belief of the ancestors of India. Hindu had been the beliefs of the ancestry of Indians for millenniums, and has become an inherent part of the Indian culture, for instance, the caste system. Hinduism and Nationalism is inseparable as Hindu had became tradition of Indians. In fact, 80. 5% of the India populations are Hindus, and clearly shows Hindu dominated India. The emergence of the communalism was indicated by the outbreak of Hindutva ideology. Hindutva ideology came up in the late 1800’s by Savarkar, which means â€Å"Hinduness†. The Hindu nationalists believed that Motherland India is the land of Hindus, meaning if you are not a Hindu, you are not Indian. Indians should speak Hindi, prayed to the Hindu gods and have the same interests with the other Hindus. Hindu has become the measure of Nationalism (Snehi 2003). Anyone who is not a Hindu welcomed as a guest, and they addressed this to the Muslims. The Hindus believed that ever since the Muslims came to India, they had spread a religion that was not in tune with the Indians, and when the Muslims ruled the India, they intended to wipe off Hindu race and replaced it with Islam (Snehi 2003). When the Mughal Empire fell apart, it indicated that the Muslims power in India fell too, the Hindus began to move. They felt that Hindu is their original religion and that Indians are Hindus, not Muslims. Hence, Hindutva ideology was adopted by the Hindus, and started to hate and pledge revenge to the Muslims. There were attempts to wipe the Muslims in India especially in the northern part of India, for example, Baranas riot in 1809. The Hindu extremism intensified after the political parties in India began to promote the Hindutva ideology as well. Hindutva ideology adopted by the political parties such as: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Hindutva ideology adopted by both political parties in India with the domination of Hindu in India had promoted the communalism. It was a bummer for the Muslims because they had less political power than the Hindus. Many attempts based on the Hindu Nationalism ideology done by Hindu political party such as BJP, for instance, the uniform civil code. It was a disaster for the Muslims because the law proposed by BJP was all in favor of Hindus, for example, the divorce and marriage codes based on Hindu. The Muslims were forced to follow the rules if they want to stay in India. Furthermore, BJP’s ideological stance had caused the demolition of the Babri mosque in 1992 (Nandrajog 2010). Hatred between Muslims and Hindus is unavoidable and inevitable. This event had raised the tensions between Hindus and Muslims until now. Although the Hindu supremacy alongside with the Hindutva ideology has clearly shown the communalism in India, however this would not happen if the British did not intervene and sow the seeds hatred, and if the Muslims did not raise the tension a while ago. The British involvement The British had stayed in India for a long time, with the main objective of trading goods. As time passed by, the British realized that they had a large power in India and began to conquer regions and controlled it. The British set up education system in India to educate the people. Yet, because of the Muslims’ pride with the Mughal Empire, they refused every British policy including the education system. On the flip side, the Hindus used the opportunity to make them educated. Refer to Kumar (1990): However, because of their general grouse against the British government, the Muslims did not take English language kindly. Thus this led the Muslims remained backward, their literary growth was stopped and they lapsed into ignorance and backwardness. On the flip side, Hindus took this seriously and began to make progress. As a result many Hindus were qualified to work in the administrative jobs. Hindus were far greater than the Muslims, created a sense of frustration among the Muslims. Jealousy of the Muslims against the Hindus had shaped communalism a while ago. Thus, communalism has been shaped during the British involvement and intervention in India. Moreover, referred to Justice Katju statements in Adil Mohd (2012) work: As far as the question you asked about how was India before 1857, before 1857 there was no communal problem, there were yes religious differences but not communal problems. There is no history of and such communal conflict. It indicates that there must be an event that changed the Indian society, which I suppose was the British involvement and intervention. Kumar (1990) also writes: The unity of the Hindus and Muslims was once a big trouble for the British during the uprising in 1857-1858. The mutiny in 1857 had changed everything in India. The idea of Divide and Rule came up to avoid further unity. The policy had divided each community, especially between the Muslims and Hindus. This division has led Muslims and Hindus oppose each other, which helped the British maintain their control and position in India. Kumar (1990) explained further the British intervention in shaping communalism: Sir Syeh Ahmad played a vital role in shaping communalism of the Muslims against the Hindus. He belonged to the Mughal official family, and entered the British East India Company service. He believed the Muslims’ backwardness lay in the traditional narrow-mindedness should be eliminated and therefore he wanted the Muslims to acquire the Western style of education and thus to widen their outlook. He made the relationship between the British and the Muslims strong, and the Muslims tend to be loyal to the British†¦ His views were not communal at all at first, but then the efforts he made in order to win the favour of the British rulers pushed him and his Aligarh Movement into being communal†¦ Till the founding of Indian National Congress, he was a true nationalist. But with the founding of INC, he began to be anti-Hindu communalist. In his opinion INC was a Hindu institution, and he had became suspicious and jealous of the Hindu advancement. Not being satisfied with this, he then found Indian Patriotic Association in 1888 with the support of the British to oppose the National movement. It shows that Sir Syed Ahmad was the British puppet to oppose the National movement and the British were the one that sow the seeds of hatred among the Muslims against the Hindus. By 1906, sponsored by British Raj, All Muslim League formed. The British sponsored the creation of communal party. Moreover, The British sow seeds of poisons in the minds of Hindus and Muslims, and caused a lot of clash between them until 1947 where the Muslims, led by All League Muslims, separated themselves. Political clash between Muslims and Hindus in India The founding of All-India Muslim League was emerged from Aligarh Movement. Aligarh Movement’s objective was to promote a modern education for the Muslims. Later on, the goal has changed to protect and to unite the Muslims in India. When the Hindu extremism began to intensify, All-India Muslim League became as a mean of Muslims’ voice. The politic parties based on religion in India did not unite both opposition but make it far worse. Realizing the facts that Indian National Congress was a Hindu Institution, the communalism in Muslims side began to rise. When the Muslim League failed to win representative seats in the 1937 elections, it became clear that the Muslims had less power in India. 1930, the leader of AIML, who was Muhammad Iqbal demanded the partition of Muslim state in India and then the two-nation theory became popular among the Muslims. Under Mohammed Ali Jinnah, they demanded separation between Muslims and Hindus with two-nation theory. The theory stated that India should be separated into two regions; Hindu India and Islam India. He also persuaded Muslims that a Hindu-dominated India would never, as he put it, give them â€Å"justice† (Murphey 2009). The idea was also that autonomous area of Muslims to be own country but connected to India economically. The political clash between INC and All India Muslim League increased the tension between the Hindus and the Muslims. Direct Action Day in Calcutta, August 1946 was one of the consequences of the political clash. This was the day when the Muslim League had planned general strike to protest rejection of the June 16th Cabinet Mission Plan by the Congress Party and to assert its demand for a separate homeland during the Indian Freedom Struggle against the British Raj. Almost 4,000 people lost their lives within 72 hours, and raised the hatred between Muslims and Hindus (N. P. ) The partition of India in July 1947, which created a new nation Pakistan, was inevitable, yet created conflicts rather than peace between Muslims and Hindus. Almost 2 millions died because of the migration. The vivisection of Mother India angered Hindus, making communalism on Hindu side rise. Muslims who moved to Pakistan or Hindus who moved to India became the victims of the partition of India. In the conclusion, it is really clear that the British involvement intervention in India and the political clash between Muslims Hindus has led the communalism to rise in India, even until now. Even though the extremeness of Hindus and the rise of Hindutva ideology movement was the main cause of the communalism in India, it would not happen if the British did not trigger the fire of hatred between Muslims Hindus and if the Muslims did not cause further political tension.