Biodiesel in Malaysia Essay Example for Free

Bio diesel engine in Malaysia EssayIn the United States, the majority of biodiesel is make from soybean or female genitaliaola veggie vegetable cover color colors, but is also made from waste stream sources such as used cooking oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a diesel replacement force out that is manufactured from vegetables oils, recyc conduct cooking greases or oils, or animal fats. History of biodiesel around the World Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853 by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years forrader the first diesel locomotive engine became functional. Rudolf Diesels prime model, a single 10 ft (3 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own source for the first time in Augsburg, Germany on August 10, 1893.In remembrance of this event, August 10 has been decl ared Inter topic Biodiesel Day. Diesel later demonstrated his engine and received the Grand Prix (highest prize) at the World Fair in Paris, France in 1900. This engine stood as an example of Diesels vision because it was powered by peanut oil a biofuel, though not biodiesel, since it was not transesterified. He believed that the utilization of biomass fuel was the real future of his engine. In a 1912 speech Diesel said, The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignifi put forwardt today but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and the coal-tar products of the endow time. During the 1920s, diesel engine manufacturers altered their engines to utilize the lower viscosity of petrodiesel (a fossil fuel), rather than vegetable oil (a biomass fuel). The petroleum industries were able to make inroads in fuel markets because their fuel was much cheaper to produce than the biomass secondarys. The result, for many years, was a near elimination of the biomass fuel product infrastructure. Only recently have environmental impact concerns and a decreasing cost differential made biomass fuels such as biodiesel a growe alternative. Research into the use of transesterified sunflower oil, and refining it to diesel fuel standards, was initiated in South Africa in 1979. By 1983 the process for producing fuel-quality, engine-tested biodiesel was completed and published internationally.An Austrian company, Gaskoks, obtained the technology from the South African Agricultural Engineers the company erected the first biodiesel pilot lay down in November 1987, and the first industrial-scale plant in April 1989 (with a capacity of 30,000 tons of rapeseed per annum). Throughout the 1990s, plants were opened in many European countries, including the Czech Republic, Germany and Sweden. France launched local production of biodiesel fuel (referred to as diester) from rapeseed oil, which is mixed into regular diesel fuel at a level of 5%, and into the diesel fuel used by slightly captive fleets (e. g. public transportation) at a level of 30%. Renault, Peugeot and other manufacture rs have certified truck engines for use with up to that level of partial biodiesel experiments with 50% biodiesel are underway.During the same period, nations in other parts of the realness also saw local production of biodiesel starting up by 1998 the Austrian Biofuels take had identified 21 countries with commercial biodiesel projects. 100% Biodiesel is now available at many normal service stations across Europe. In September of 2005 atomic number 25 became the first U. S. state to mandate that all diesel fuel sold in the state contain part biodiesel, requiring a content of at least 2% biodiesel. History of biodiesel in Malaysia One such fuel, which has been gaining prominence in recent years, is biofuel. Clean and renewable, biofuel has been touted as the answer to the issue of the diminishing of energy reserves. It was led by Yang.Berbahagia Tan Sri Datuk Dr Yusof Basiron, former Director General of MPOB, MPOB has been the pioneer and is at the forefront in researching into palm tree biodiesel project. Since the 1980s, MPOB in collaboration with the local oil giant, PETRONAS, has begun to engender a patented technology to transform crude palm oil into a viable diesel substitute. This process involves the transesterification of crude palm oil into palm oil methyl esters or palm biodiesel. It has also been successfully demonstrated in a 3000 tonnes per year pilot plant located in the MPOB headquarters. manage biodiesel has been systematically and exhaustively evaluated as diesel fuel substitute from 1983 to 1994.These included laboratory evaluation, stationary engine testing and field trials on a volumed number of vehicles including taxis, trucks, passenger cars and buses. Exhaustive field trials with 30 Mercedes Benz of Germany mounted onto passenger buses have been successfully completed with each bus covered 300,000 km, the expected spiritedness of the engines. Biodiesel in Malaysia In Malaysia, biodiesel called the Envo Diesel was launched by the Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi on Tuesday 22 March 2006. Malaysia currently produces 500,000 tonnes of biofuel annually and the government hopes to increase this number this year. Envo diesel blends 5% processed palm oil (vegetable oil) with 95% petrodiesel. In contrast, EUs B5 blends 5% methyl ester with 95% petrodiesel.Diesel engine manufacturers prefer the use of palm oil methyl ester blends as diesel engines are designed to handle 5% methyl esters meeting the EN14214 biodiesel standard, which palm oil cannot meet. Malaysia announced that it will build tether plants to produce biodiesel from palm oil, as part of efforts to reduce its dependency on foreign oil and increase demand for domestically produced palm oil. Palm biodiesel is doctor to become a viable alternative to petroleum diesel, Commodities Minister Peter Chin Fah Kui told an international palm oil congress in Kuala Lumpur. Palm biodiesel is gentle when oil is above $43 he added. Crude oil is curre ntly trading around $65 a barrel.With fossil oil fuel neat lesser and lesser and ultimately depleting the world over, it might be wise for Malaysia to adopt and implement the use of these renewable fuel resources early, as such the national oil company, PETRONAS, must take the foremost initiative first to tap this resource by making research on the blending palm oil diesel with fossil diesel to the best possible combination so that all diesel engines in this country could start using this blend or just purely palm oil bio-diesel which has been found to be an equally efficient and effective replacement. The initiative will be the first in the world on a national scale, since Malaysia is a gross producer and net exporter of both palm oil and also of fossil oil, there is no outrage whether Malaysia export less palm oil or more fossil oil which is value added in the form diesel and petrol. Whether or not it is stinting or practical to implement this is purely a matter of insurance by the government.If export fossil diesel fuel to be consumed used in Malaysia alone including subsidies Malaysia could increase their foreign reserves and offset the opportunity cost created by the palm oil price fluctuation and direct export winnings from palm oil. This policy implementation should be long term and will benefit future generations of Malaysians because palm oil diesel cannot be depleted owing to the fact it is a renewable resource and when in use in diesel engines it will be environmentally friendly. Whereas fossil oil diesel can be depleted and also can cause environmental damage. The cost for producing palm oil diesel could be reduced if used cooking oil from big consumers like KFC, Mc Donalds and other fast food chains could contribute used cooking oil for recycling into diesel for consumption by diesel engines.The cost of producing bio-diesel or palm oil diesel could be a fraction compared to producing fossil diesel, as crude or palm oil of the lowest grade such as soap making fats and also palm oil sludge waste could be used and it could be converted easily into bio-diesel for engine consumption on a very double scale and if there is an economy of scale the production cost could be only reduced. much research have been through by others including the King of Thailand and the results observed have been proven to be viable and positive and therefore Malaysia should pursue this policy of implementation as the first on the national scale to enjoy the economy of scale. In etrol engines, pure bio-ethanol has been found to be an efficient and effective alternative replacement for the petrol fuel or if necessary also by blending both with less of petrol and more of ethanol as engine fuels, the optimum combination ratio to be determined by pull ahead research for all types of petrol engines much research have also been done by others who have found this advantage, recently in china, a province which is a renown corn producer has been successful ly producing ethanol from old and overage stock of corn for consumption by petrol engines in its pure form without blending on magnanimous scale, that is consumption by the whole province, they are also burning bio-residues wastes from the fermentations plants for distilling the alcohol ethanol.Bio-ethanol could be produced by a local company using proven foreign technology on a mountainous scale, by using bio-mass from wood wastes from woodwind industries, plants wastes from orchard trimmings also all types of wastes from sugar, maize, tapioca, palm oil rubber plantations also from reeds, grass rice husks from padi palm garbage, rubbish and other wastes in the modern waste disposal incinerators could fuel the distilling of the ethanol and also produce electricity if the excess heat could be further harnessed. most of our fossil petrol and fossil diesel to be used consumed in the country could then be exported to earn foreign exchange reserves or the fossil oil reserves t hemselves be preserved for our future generations or whichever way is truly feasible and viable. Savings and conservation of our natural resources and establishing of Malaysias own renewable non-depleting alternative resources of fuels could be achieved using the two methods said above if implemented by the Malaysian government on a large scale basis could result with whole new industries that could offshoot from these initiatives.These initiatives could be realised to produce and distribute bio-ethanol and palm oil bio-diesel on a large scale, from biomass, made available from the said waste resources mentioned above, this will involve investments of about between US$1 billion to US$10 billion which Malaysia can attract outside investors interested in this program because of the large biomass waste resources available in Malaysia. The end products could even be exported to other countries lacking such resources like for example Singapore at a price cheaper than fossil fuel. Disadva ntages of Biodiesel in Malaysia Projects requiring Malaysian and Indonesian palm oil as feedstock have been criticized by some environmental advocates.A Friend of the Earth has published a report asserting that clearance of forests for oil-palm plantations is threatening some of the last habitat of the orangutan. everywhere the past decade, Malaysia has converted large tracts of tropical rainforest to palm oil plantations on the island of Borneo. Recently, several Malaysian firms were implicated in illegal burning in Indonesia that produced a polluting haze that choked residents of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysias remaining old growth forests are, biologically, some of the richest on the planet and are home to a number of endangered species including forest elephants, rhinos, orangutans, tigers, monkeys, and tapir. The government has been working to encourage ecotourism but still struggles policing its own forests.

Authority in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay Example for Free

Authority in star Flew over the Cuckoos Nest EssayOn the surface, solitude of the Long blank space Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest seem like two very different films. Loneliness is filmed in murky and white and dos place in an English borstal school Cuckoos Nest takes place in an American psychiatric shield and is presented in color. withdraw a little deeper, however, and it is clear that these films ar actually quite similar. Each film depicts the rebellious protaganistsColin and McMurphyattempting to overcome the oppressive figures of federal agencythe Governor and Nurse Ratched. Because of the temper of the films, viewers are lead to consider Colin and McMurphy heroes and to despise the authorities. While it is hard to deny that the Governor and Nurse Ratched dont at times take advantage of their jurisdiction, it is also unfair to argue against the fact that they are just two people doing their jobs. Both Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest depict rebels who are doomed. The authorities at the psychiatric ward and the borstal have strict rules and expect Randle Patick McMurphy and Colin Smith to adapt to these rules, just as every some other patient or student has done.The differences betwixt the tone and outcome of these two films are a result of the differences between the types of characters who represent authority. In Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, authorities are shown to be invasive and aggressive. As Colin mentions in the opening line of the film, his family is always campaign from the police. Further into the film, a flashback shows a research worker tracking Colin down at his house after he steals from a bakery. Before finally catching him, the detective is very persistent in his efforts to catch Colin.This surly man provides a search warrant but is unsuccessful in his attempts to locate the stolen money, so he tells Colin that he will be watching him. The true authority fig ure in Loneliness, though, is the Governor at Ruxton Towers. The Governor is a nice man with dictatorial power. At the borstal he runs everything by the book. He holds the boys to very strict rules and standards, from having to wear uniforms to having a monitored sleeping schedule. With the boys living and going to school in the same place, in that respect is really no way of escaping the watch of the Governor.In fact, he even comes into the locker room and has conversations with the boys while they are in the shower. Throughout the film, there are also several religious undertones present in the representation of authority, shown primarily in the singing of the English hymn Jerusalem. The Governor uses conformity as a tool to strengthen his school. His main goal is recognition for the school and for himself. In Cuckoos Nest, Nurse Ratched is depicted as a very insentient figure. She runs the psychiatric ward with an iron fist.Yes, she answers to the head doctors and has a large staff to help her, but she runs the place. The nurse takes advantage of the vulnerability of her patients. In group therapy sessions, she oft pushes the men to talk about experiences that they are unwilling to talk about. She uses her friendship with Billys mother as a threat in baseball club to get him to cooperate with her. Instead of listening to what McMurphy and the other patients want to do, she pushes her own agenda. When McMurphy and the others want to watch a game of baseball, she wont let them for the repair purpose of not giving McMurphy what he wants.It seems as though the head doctors (the people who should really be the authority) are oblivious to the actions of Nurse Ratched. In fact, they compliment her work and there is no one capable of arguing with them. It is interesting to note that in terms of authority, there is no religious imagery in thie film like in Loneliness. Instead, it is McMurphy who appears Christ-like and takes on disciples. Nurse Ratched uses conformity to get her patients to do as she says. Her goal is to try to fix each of them. The Governor is loosely respected by the boys.Hes a nice man, but everyone is afraid of him because of his power, just as employees fear their bosses. They dont mess with him because they cut they can only get so far. He has total control over them because they eat, sleep, and go to school all under his watch. Ruxton Towers is the type of place a teenage boy would want to escape from, but the Governor has do the boys feel as though escape is beyond reality. Nurse Ratched, on the other hand, is not respected by her patients. This is a direct result of her concern with getting people to do as she says rather than gaining their respect.Though she demands to be taken seriously, she rarely is. Her patients are all tired of her oppression but lack the physical and mental capacity to do anything about it. Also, like in Loneliness, her authority is not challenged simply because her subjects are af raid of her. Randle McMurphy and Colin Smith are game-changers. Their arrivals empower their cohorts to act out against the dust. We see the authority of the Governor challenged in the food stir up scene and the authority of Nurse Ratched challenged in the fishing scene. However, Colin and Randle doom themselves in their final acts of defiance.Colin throwing the race results in his contemptment by the borstal Randle throwing a party and chocking Nurse Ratched results in his lobotomy. In going against authority, these protagonists are left worse off than they were before. Nurse Ratched and the Governor each bring down the antihero. But does that warrant them heroes? No. It doesnt make them good or bad. Yes, Nurse Ratched seems evil and the Governor seems overbearing, but we are only viewing them through a lens. They lead a system bad enough for people to want to rebel against it, but maybe that rebellion is against the system and not the characters.These are two characters merely d oing their jobs. Their borstal and psychiatric ward are not ones that I would want to be in, but I wouldnt want to be in any borstal or psychiatric ward. Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest contain similar themes and represent similar figures of authority. Nurse Ratched and the Governor are not the most likeable characters. They desire order and take advantage of their power, and that makes us dislike them. But none of their actions are unprovoked. They have tough jobs and they made mistakes. Theyre human.

Theme of Civilization and Savagery in The Novel The Lord of The Flies

Theme of Civilization and Savagery in The Novel The Lord of The FliesTheme of Civilization and Savagery in The Novel The Lord of The FliesThe novel written by William Golding is an allegorical novel where lots of elements of fiction are used to communicate the main ideas and points of the novel. single of the themes that undersurface be explored trough this novel is subtlety and savageness. The central concern of Lord of The Flies deals with the collapse of purification to the rebirth of culture. The conflict appear from this theme is communicate through the disintegration of the British new(a) boys well look behaviour as they adapt themselves to a uncivilized, brutal life in the jungle after they were stranded on an island. The theory of inborn evil homophile evil hold an essential aspect in this theme as the young boys evolve more primitive, the beast that they scared of developed within themselves. The inborn evil is the beast that destructs the civilization as savagenes s call for its status. In the novel, The entitle of the flies symbolizes the existence of the beast within the young boys mind. The rift of the theme of civilization and savagery is also communicated through the symbols exist in this novel, the conch which related with the source Ralph and the lord of the flies which related with the oddball shite. The fundamental concernment of this novel is the theme of civilization and savagery where civilization giving away to savagery within human heart, as the young boys shed their civilization for savagery after creation influence by fear, superstition and their desires.Through the whole of this novel, the theme civilization and savagery communicates by the conflict between Ralph and Jack, who respectively defend civilization and savagery. The vary theory are deliberate by each two boys different stead toward authorization on the island. Ralph who was selected to become a chief used his authority to set up rules on that island in order to have a stop life between them. From the novel, Ralph said Thats what this shell called. Ill give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when hes speaking (Golding, 43). This shows that the only person who can speak is the one who hold the shell which called conch during the meeting. Ralph has set up the rules so that no one will interrupt when someone is speaking to ensure the suaveness of the meeting which shows us that they are still civilized boys that have moral and ethical codes of the English fiat. On the other hand, Jack is more interest in gaining power over the others to satisfy his most primal impulses which is his desires of hunting pigs. All the same you need an army-for hunting. Hunting pigs, said Jack on the novel (Golding, 43). Jack desires for power shows that savagery has started taking over his mind. When Jack begin acting savage, the savage side become evident with the power of the leader, Ralph, collapse. Jack overthrows Ralph as a leader. H e manage to persuade the others boys to join his tribe, a tribe which involve with hunting pigs, making sacrifices to the beast and having fun without realizing that they were stranded on an deserted island. This is proven by the line Now listen. We might go later to the castle rock. But now Im going to get more of the biguns away from the conch and all that. rise up kill the pig and give a feast. He paused and went on more slowly. And about the beast. When we kill well leave some of the kill for it. Then it use bother us, maybe (Golding, 165). He and his tribe go so far until it results in the destruction of the peaceful environment on the island as well as the collapsing of their civilized mind. The cleft of the theme is also demonstrate through the novels major symbol which are the conch that affiliate with character Ralph and The Lord of the Flies that affiliate with the character Jack. The conch that was found by Ralph is a powerful symbol which shows the democratic order on that island, agreeing Ralphs leader broadcast that was determine through the election and also the power of collection among the young boys. From the novel, Piggy said, We can use this to call the others. Have a meeting. Theyll come when they hear us (Golding, 22). This shows that the conch has the power to call the others for a meeting which represent the symbol of authority and order that related to the civilization among the boys. However, as the engagement between Ralph and Jack getting worse, the conch loses symbolic importance. You havent got it with you, said Jack, sneering. You left it behind. See, clever? And the conch doesnt number at the end of this island (Golding, 186). From what Jack has said, this shows that the conch started to loses its power of authority and order and represent the decline of civilization on the island. In the meanwhile, The Lord of the Flies, which is a sacrifice to the supposed beast on the island, contributes to the dominance of the savagery on the island and also symbolise Jacks authority over his tribe. From the novel, Jack spoke loudly, This head is for the beast. Its a bequest (Golding, 170). In addition, the demolition of the conch at the scene where Piggy was killed manifests the complete destruction of civilization on the island. In the novel, the devastation of the conch is shows from the phase, The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee, the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist(Golding, 222). At the end of this novel, the savagery has totally displaced civilization as the prevailing system on the island.The clash between the theme of civilization and savagery in this novel also can be explored through the symbol of fire which associate with civilization and the symbol of masquerade costume which associate with savagery. The symbol of fire in this novel is very important as it bring lots of meaning to the boys. It represents the hope of being rescue, survival and also civilization. In the novel, Ralph said Theres another thing. We can help them to find us. If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire(Golding, 49). This indicates that the boys know that the fire is very important because without the smoke from the fire, they would never be rescued. The symbol of fire shows the only civilization left on the island as it is a form of hope, survival and most importantly, rescue as Ralph said in the novel Your only hope is keeping a signal fire going as long as theres light to see. Then maybe a ship will notice the smoke and come and rescue us and take us home. But without that smoke weve got to wait till some ship comes by accident. We might wait years till we were old (Golding, 219). On the other hand, the symbol of mask in this novel stands for savagery and barbaric behaviour. The mask has encouraged the incivility in the boys and provides them with a different identity. From the novel, Jack said For hunting. Like in the war. You know -dazzle paint. Like thing trying to look deal something else (Golding, 79).The mask has made the boys started to transform from civil to savage. When the boys hide behind the mask, the boys somehow are given a new identity which gives confidence and a finger of carefree. Behind the masquerade, they commit acts of barbarity. It liberates them from shame and leads them into a savage like creatures. It also detaches them from reality and triggers them to neglect their responsibility.As the novel progress, Golding shows how different people feel the influences of the instincts of civilization and savagery to different degrees. Generally, however, Golding implies that the instinct of savagery is far more primal and fundamental to the human mind than the instinct of civilization. The Lord of the Flies is a chronicles of civilization giving way to savagery within human nature, as the young boys who were stranded on the isla nd shaped by the supremely civilized British society become fully savage guided only by fear, superstition and desire.

American Television In The 1950s And 1960s

the Statesn Television In The fifties And 1960sThe televisual representation of black deal had been a super contested phenomenon since the television broadcast of Amos n Andy in June 1951. It is believed that Amos n Andy defined for the first time the side that television was to take in the postwar to represent Black people in America. In Amos n Andy, Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll created and fixed an cooking stove of blackness, black people believed, which made racist Americans fight against them to a greater extent and more. The program lasted just two years and was cancelled in the midst of growing protest by the black community in 1953. Because The Jeffersons not only was the first TV programs which featured African-Americans in booster cable roles since the cancellation of the infamous Amos n Andy show in 1953, but also the first television program to feature black couples. Because it was the first time television showed a rich, successful African American family, ma ny people believed that the appearance of The Jeffersons was the first positive image of a new role model of Black African American families on television. nonetheless, John D.H.1pointed out that this television show may have been just a typical of American television fare because media image of American of African descent have ranged from the blatantly to the latently racist. initiate knows topper was, the first white family television sitcom and popular around 1950s-1960s. Therefore, I would want to use both The Jefferson and father knows best as examples to examine how race was constructed by American televisual representation.Just a few years after the warrant World War, how to attain and live the American dream became one of the to the highest degree prominent themes of the 1950s .Therefore, for helping Americans rebuild their dream, television program in 1950s was made as a creation of American dream quite an than a reflection of society.2The television producers believ ed when people conformed to the ideal of serious families bring those family audiences jut up to the same level and made people more enjoy the sitcom and their life.3According to Census, in 1950, families with both the head and his wife present, were apparently the norm, accounting for 87.1%. A non-couple household was counted for 3.6%. The figure of independent fe phallic household just was 9.3%. it mean, during that period, nearly Americans demanded to gibe a family television shows which defined a household in patriarchal and atomic terms, with the centre assumed to be a male breadwinner heading a household of his dependent wife and children.Therefore by adopting that idea, in Father knows bests world Andersons family has an upper- severalise, white-collar fathers, a stay-at-home wives, and two or three children whom lived in suburban. The television show offered viewers a comforting corporate vision of the American family. In most episodes of Father knows best the stories were all about how the father helped the family find out one or two beneficial social formations from their everyday life. Moreover, by showing a special episode the importance of a strong American democracy in school, churched, civic fundamental law , United State Treasury Department promoted U.S. Saving Bones. Given the sitcom show title father who knows best, the television producers hoped that the personal manner of lived in father who knows best would made the majority of Americans undersas welld what real meaning of beneficial family was.Some contemporary historians pressd, although the show suggested that the white-middle upper class nuclear family may be the most naturally beneficial for all,4many women in particular still experienced the detrimental aspects of and expressed a high level of frustration with this isolated, suburban nuclear unit.5Moreover, slightly new(prenominal) historians and sociologists made commented on how unfulfilling suburban life could be and h ow impossible its contradictory, gendered demands could seem.Early social scientist, Franklin Frazier6, unwittingly used the idea of beneficial family to argue a social perspective of Black families on legacy of slavery and he believed slavery culture had left many Black families weak and female-dominated. Later, his ideas had been highly developing by Senator Moynihan at the height of the civil rights movement, which became the most politically-charged Black family issue of the century.By the end of the 1960s some revisionist scholars7challenged the point of view from early social scientist on African American families. The revisionist believed this perspective was narrow and they reclaimed the cultural heritage of African Americans, and rejected that notion that viable families had to conform to the male/breadwinner-female/home birthr structure. They described the adaptive nature and functionality of Black families8and documented their strengths and survival strategies9. At the s ame time, revisionist historians analyzed archival data from large plantations and argued that enslaved Black families much enjoyed relatively vibrant and stable family lives, that men participated in and contributed to those families, and that Black people embraced the two-parent, patriarchal family ideal as much as they could10.People could found some reflections of revisionist scholars opinions in The Jeffersons . Because the show was the first television program which feature black couples and created by independent producers, Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin during the 1970s to early 1980s, it may helped people understand the real culture of African Americans.The Jeffersons did superficially seem very different from Father knows best in many moods. Meanwhile both Father knows best and The Jeffersons adapted the same idea of nuclear family and both set the story in upper-middle class families. Neither family was wealthy neither family was threatened by poverty or the continuing fi nancial problem.The two programs seemed to go beyond male solidarity to centrality and superiority. This could be seen in their titles, the title father knows best speaks for Paternity. The Jeffersons did not make the statement very clearly through the title, but giving the family name of the breadwinner.Different from Father knows best, the story lines of the Jeffersons more focused on the lives of George and his wife Louise Jefferson rather than their children. In The Jeffersons , George was a successful businessman, millionaire however his wife -Louise just was a former maid who was attempting to adjust her life from poor to rich. When they moved to a elegant penthouse apartment on Manhattans fashionable and moneyed East Side with their son, Lionel, they try to fill their house with expensive furnishings. For quickly adapt the rich life, they even hired their own black housekeeper, a wise-cracking maid named Florence.Compared to Jim Andersons kindness and politeness, George Je fferson was rude and selfish. He frequently called white people as honkies. and attempt to rebel against the rich upper-middle class which he was in. An article in Ebony magazine in 1979 referred to him as bombastic, frenetic, boastful, ill-mannered, prejudiced, and scheming. Even his wife, Louise, saw George as Wheezy and spent most of her time apologizing for him. Moreover, the funniest moments came with the response between George and his maid Florence. She always called him Shorty and humiliated George but did not miss a chance to put him in his place. This attitude was very hard to see in Father knows best. I may argue that this could be seen as fragment of idea of the patriarchal family in African American culture, because women still in dominate position in family as old time.From the title, people should see George not only was a millionaire businessman- breadwinner of the family, but also the centre attention of the family. However in the show he often positioned himself a s the buffoon of everyones joke. No one, not even his maid took his words seriously. As the Ebony article described,11He was often the victim of his own acts a put-down that backfires, a contrivance that goes astray, an ego-filled balloon suddenly deflated.Patricia Mellencamp12believed that the ideal of beneficial families in tradition sitcoms portrayed the shady containment of women in traditional domestic roles-the angel in the house. Margaret Anderson in Father knows best was in such role she was always on duty, preparing meals, cleaning the house, attention to the childrens need. However, someday, the angel in the house in Father knows best could rebel against her role and take a day off. But the situation of The Jeffersons was different Louise Jefferson was a housewife with maid. Although she did not need to do any housework, she demands to work as slavery.When I first time watched The Jeffersons, I was not sure why Georges demeanor in such rude manner and why Louise demand work as slavery. But the second time, I had a different opinion that this may be the slavery culture of African American. Morgan13argued that in order to understand such African American culture, one must procure more than a superficial understanding of American enslavement of Africans, as slavery was the birthplace of African American culture. Conrad14made the argument in The Invention of the Negro he believed that in many respects, White Americans created what became known as African American culture. Researchers insist that those interested in understanding and addressing the challenges faced by African American communities today. It must investigate the origin of those African American communities. This investigation would necessarily begin in the era of American institutional slavery.Ogbu15made the argument more Profound. She suggests that African American culture is similar to that of other American minority subcultures Jones16argued every subculture was different. African Ame rican culture was not similar to any other American subcultures. Jones emphasized that African American culture was the only minority culture in the United States that was founded and created in slavery. Sue17insisted that, slavery was one of the most important factors that shaped the social, psychological, economic, educational, and political development of Black people. Van Deburg18maintained that the root cause of the present sociocultural differences in American society. However I believed the Slavery culture could be change by education. In later black family sitcom cowboy show, it was very hard to find any phenomenon of Slavery culture.The CBS took a conservative view in the black civil right movement to represent the black in 1970. As watching Amos n Andy twenty years ago, Americas black community remained divided in their assessment of this television program-even It brought a slight change in society . Many critics complain that The Jeffersons was too idealized and too e xaggerated and failed to fully represent African American life. The television programs slightly changed the view of African American over the decades, but the way shot and fix images of African Americans had not progressed very far at all. Nevertheless the show was highly popular both in Black America audiences and white America audiences. It could be seem as not only the CBS want to representation of African Americans in general white American way but also black community appeal to adapt the traditional white families value and crossed lines of class and gender.Word account 1900

Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book Analysis

Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book AnalysisFarzan Babaei S5030791 member name Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the ThresholdArticle Source PhD thesis, School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of refreshed South WalesArticle Author and Year Jason Hugh Prior (2004)Citation Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney rattling saunas 1967-2000 Fight for civic betrothal and experiences beyond the brink (Doctoral thesis). School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of advanced South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.Introduction and Research QuestionsJason Prior is an established inquiryer particularly in the field of spatial brass and its relation to internality, religion, and health and wellbeing. In his PhD thesis titled Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the Threshold (year), he attempts to shed light on Sydneys human being saunas through two key questions. The first relat es to how the gay sauna transitioned from a clandestine operation to a intelligently recognized and accepted foundation garment considered important within particular environs of the urban center. The second concerns how the dynamic public domain of the gay sauna contributed to the turn outment of gay culture in the city by fostering the opportunity of collective and individual homosexual expression.Part 1 of Study Methodology and ResultsIn the first part of the study, utilizing his background in urban sociology, planning, and legal geography, Prior draws heavily upon the whole works of Knopp (1995,1998) and Castells (1983) as a conceptual framework. He manipulations empirical examination and analysis of documents (including development applications, archival documents, legal records, civic authority records, government gazettes, law reports, records of police raids, government acts, newspaper and magazine articles, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews) as a research methodolo gy, to understand the process of acceptance of gay saunas in Sydneys civic family. Using these data, he traces the history of these memorial tablets from 1967 to 2000. The first gay saunas existed through subterfuge and public charades by disguising themselves from the largely homophobic society as gyms and fitness centres. Through the years that followed, change in legislation which led to the decriminalisation of homosexuality set the stage for the emergence of the gay sauna into public view and their partial acceptance by civic authorities. Although the emergence of AIDS added a layer of complexity to the process, it led to new alliances between the gay community, medicine and the state government. These alliances played a major role in the eventual acceptance of the gay sauna by civic authorities, judiciary, and citizens as not just social but also sexual institutions. Prior argues that this transformation was possible through the conjunction of greater understanding and accep tance of homosexuality by the general community, the mobilisation of gay activists and the broader radicalism of the 1960s and 70s, and the emergence of enlightened processes by council bureaucracies and the judiciary.Part 2 of Study Methodology and ResultsPriors background in architecture comes into use in the second part of the study where he proves through an empirical analysis (analysis of the material features of the built form, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews), how the evolving social plazas of Sydneys gay saunas allowed men to develop and experience individual and collective sexual identities and practices. In describing the dynamic nature of these spaces Prior identifies three stages of evolution. The first and most basic/rudimentary stage started with the establishment of the the Bondi Junction Steam Bath, Sydneys first gay sauna. Here the aim was to providing a safe space where men could temporarily escape from the city outside, with a counselling on the threshold to protect patrons from the largely homophobic world outside. The second involved the shift of focus from the threshold to the development of the domain, into the creation of a space that was more socially, sexually, and psychology enabling for the expression of homosexuality. This golden age of the saunas aligned with the gay liberation movement. The last stage focuses on the redesign of the domain into a safe sex venue to cope with the new experience of sexuality that AIDS awareness evoked. These stages involved changes to the physical realm of the saunas, which in turn change the type of sexual activity that took place.Critical Review/ Contextualization within other worksPriors well-structured and comprehensive study fills a gap in the existing publications by adding to the largely unexplored realm of gay bathhouses in the Australian circumstance. In describing the history of these establishments, he continually draws parallels between the United States and Australia which pro vides readers with a broader perspective, and highlights the singularity of this particular context.The first part of the study which deals with the sexualisation of urban space is contextualized within the body of works of Foucault (1990), Castells, and Knopp, while the second part of the study which concerns how designed sexual environments affect sexual practises fits within the works of Brodsky (1993), Rubin (1991), and Tattelman (1999). Priors work also contributes to the broader topic of studies specifically on gay saunas. The latter includes ethnographies particularly in the american context (Weinberg Williams, 1975 Styles, 1979 Chauncey, 1994), the study of saunas from a more architectural perspective where alternate design possibilities and concepts of queer space are explored (Tattelman, 2000 Betsky, 1997), and more recently, studies on AIDS prevention research (Bolton, Vincke, Mak, 1994 Binson Woods, 2003 Lyons, Smith, Grierson, Doussa, 2010).Link to my ResearchThe i nter-relation between sexual culture, the built-form, and the social/sexual relations that forms the core of Priors work, is a theme that I want to carry forward and public figure onto in my research. Specifically, I am interested in looking at how social and sexual relations have changed in the bathhouse due to technologies in the 21st century such as PrEP, internet, and dating apps and how this in turn has affected the physical and social environs of the baths.The main aim of the authors research was to examine the social and political forces which contributed to the acceptance of gay saunas by Sydneys civic society. To answer this research question, he provides an in-depth description of the material (and immaterial) aspects of gay saunas in Sydney from the first gay sauna in 1967 to the year 2000, outlining distinct stages of evolution in the form/use of these structure. This data leave behind form an important benchmark for my research which will explore the possible formatio n of a new architectural typology in the 21st century. The fact that this study, along with the work of Richters (2007), is one of the few literary works offering a detailed description of Sydneys baths, including floor plans and advertisements in the gay press, makes it the single most important source for my research.ReferencesBetsky, A. (1997). pouf Space Architecture and Same- hinge upon passion (1st edition). New York William Morrow.Binson, D., Woods, W. J. (2003). A Theoretical Approach to Bathhouse Environments. diary of Homosexuality, 44(3-4), 23-31.Bolton, R., Vincke, J., Mak, R. (1994). Gay Baths Revisited An Empirical Analysis. GLQ A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 1(3), 255-273.Brodsky, J. I. (1993). The Mineshaft A Retrospective Ethnography. Journal of Homosexuality, 24(3-4), 233-252.Castells, M. (1983). The City and the Grassroots A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. capital of the United Kingdom Edward Arnold.Chauncey, G. (1995). Gay New York Ge nder, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (unknown edition). New York Basic Books.Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1 An Introduction. (R. Hurley, Trans.) (Reissue edition). New York Vintage.Knopp, L. (1995). Sexuality and Urban Space A Framework for Analysis. In David Bell and Gill Valentine (Eds.), Mapping Desire Geographies of Sexualities (pp. 149-161). London and New York Routledge.Knopp, L. (1998). Sexuality and Urban Space Gay Male Identity Politics in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In Ruth Fincher and Jane M. Jacobs (Eds.), Cities of Difference (pp. 149-176). New York The Guilford Press.Lyons, A., Smith, A. M. A., Grierson, J. W., Doussa, H. von. (2010). Australian mens sexual practices in saunas, sex clubs and other male sex on premises venues. Sexual Health, 7(2), 186-192.Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney gay saunas 1967-2000 Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (Doctoral thesis). Scho ol of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales.Richters, J. (2001). The Social Construction of Sexual Practice Setting Sexual Culture and the Body in Casual Sex Between Men. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.Rubin, G. (1991). The Catacombs A Temple of the Butthole. In Mark Thomson (Ed.), Leatherfolk Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice (pp. 119-141). Boston Alyson Publications.Styles, J. (1979). Outsider/Insider Researching Gay Baths. Urban Life, 8(2), 135-152.Tattelman, I. (1999). Speaking to the Gay Bathhouse communicating in Sexually Charged Spaces. In W. L. Leap (Ed.), Public Sex/ Gay Space (pp. 71-94). New York Columbia University Press.Tattelman, I. (2000). Presenting a Queer (Bath) House. In J. A. Boone, M. Dupuis, M. Meeker, K. Quimby, C. Sarver, D. Silverman, R. Weatherston, Queer Frontiers Millennial Geographies, Genders, and Generations (pp. 222-258). Madison University of Wisconsin Press.Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J. (1975). Ga y Baths and the Social Organization of Impersonal Sex. Social Problems, 23(2), 124-136.

Walt Whitmans Relation to the Romantic Period Essay -- Romanticism an

The time of Romanticism brought upon many trends extending from the idea of individualism as a disaffected separation from the classics, an idealistic outlook and finally to a strong religious base. Most of the writers of the Romantic arrest followed Pantheism perfection is everything and everything is God ... the world is either identical with God or in some way a self-expression of his nature (Owen 1971 74). The idea of Pantheism was that everything in the world make watered in unity. In some of the deeds of the Romantic finish the expression of nature and humans are not separate entities, but one in the same. Even though in reality it did not work this way Pantheism was the ideal of most these writers and idealism in itself was yet another trend in the Romantic period. Another trend in the Romantic period was religion and the idea of sprits. Many writers of the Romantic Period such as Rousseau, Montaigne and Walt Whitman all shared this idea of being individualistic and in most their works it came out as an ego of self expression. Being an individual at the time was a popular thought of people living in the nineteenth century thus, the start of the Civil War after most of poetry from this period was published.During the 19th century Walt Whitman was known as an unconventional writer. His work was rebellious and did not stick to any trends of poetry before his time. However, in this technique or lack of technique Whitman marked a new trend of free-verse. Whitmans anthology Leaves of cola caused a conservational uproar which was no surprise due to his repetitive use of slang, angry diction and an all around savage style, (Matthiessen, 181). This now is too woful a face for a manSome abject louse, asking leave to be-cr... ...rns of the poetry before him. For Whitman he felt he did not wishing to stick to a pattern, likewise he wanted his poetry to come to him randomly, like music. For Whitman expression was the only purpose to his poetry and everythi ng else was not important, (Allen, 212). Works CitedAllen, fearless Wilson. The New Walt Whitman Handbook. New York New York University Press, 1975. Greenspan, Ezra, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Walt Whitman (Cambridge UP, 1995),Matthiessen, F.O. American Renaissance Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson andWhitman. London, Oxford and New York Oxford University Press, 1941. Owen, H. P. Concepts of Deity. London Macmillan, 1971.Saintsbury, George. Review of Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman. academy 10 (1874)http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/

Egypt :: essays research papers

EgyptThe majority of people lose various ways of viewing cultures. Becauseof close-mindedness and lack of cultural education, people have a difficult timeinteracting with different societies. I feel that people shouldnt stereo typesetters casebecause this might lead to misjudgment. For example, I have person every last(predicate)yexperienced this type of stereotyping of my Egyptian culture. Although peopleview Egypt as a plain desert with camel riders, my experience from living thereshows Egypt to be a developing civilized verdant with a great history .People hold about Egypt in this manner because of the media. The watchword primarily exposes the uncivilized parts of the country. For instance, thewell known news broad-casting channel CNN showed the circumcising of a younggirl on the television screen. This is a harsh way to introduce a culture topeople. Often, CNN shows cases of the Egyptian desert with camel riders. This peg down perspective influences the societys view of our culture.Another example is an article in the National Geographic magazineabout Egypt (written by Peter Throux in April 1993). The writer set forth thecountry as smoggy, dirty, over-populated and with traffic problems. The articleintroduced Egypt as a superstitious culture which was graphically proven in a register shown in the article. This picture showed the head of a woman with thebody of a snake. This picture gives the reader the impression that Egyptiansbelieve in black magic.Whenever the media introduce a culture, they should mention all thepositive and the negative aspects of that specific culture. For instance,whenever you watch a program about the United States of America back home, yousee only sky-scrapers and big luxurious cities. This doesnt pose the entireUnited States.In reality, Egypt is a mixture of well educated and uneducated people.I have lived there for many years and from experience, I think its aninteresting country. Egypt has the Nile River which supports the cities aroundit with water and green areas. In Egypt, the government encourages the peopleto move away from the cities and start agricultural communities with greatfacilities. This encouragement helps provide much agricultural areas and morejobs for the Egyptian people. This enrichment has stabilized the currency forsix years and has also improved the growth of the national income. In Egypt,there are the "pyramids" which are symbols of the Egyptian pride. Temples,churches and mosques show a great art of design. These buildings are not justconstructions, they are decorations and a history for all generations. Thishistory has motivated the Egyptians to get across their modern progresses. It hasalso influenced the Egyptian traditions.